Abstract This paper discusses the importance of using brain-based education research for teaching adult learners. It examines findings from brain-based research, information regarding the adult learner, and the use of brain-based education for adult learners.
From the Paper "This research paper presents the importance of using brain-based education research for the teaching of the adult learner. Findings from brain-based research information regarding the adult learner and the ..."
Tags:brain-based research adult learners, education
Abstract The paper discusses the potential benefits of incorporating brain-based, active learning, inquiry-based, hands-on participation and multiple intelligence-based methods of academic instruction in the classroom. The paper proposes a study that will use ordinary television and VHS educational programming as a means of improving learning among primary and secondary students. The paper relates the research questions, an abridged methodology and a timeline.
Outline:
Statement of the Problem and Purpose
Preliminary Literature Review
Research Questions
Abridged Methodology
Timeline
From the Paper "American education has evolved tremendously between the original one-room schoolhouse of the 19th and early 20th century to it modern incarnation. Instead of combined classrooms for primary and secondary school students, the contemporary American public education system provides progressive, graduated, age-appropriate instruction through the final year of secondary education. The first generation of American students used a single textbook, often sharing it with another classmate. Even throughout most of the last century, students in every grade still used the exact same textbooks as preceding class and the texts themselves updated only after a decade or more of use; in many instances, it was not uncommon that students used the same textbooks as had their parents."
Abstract This paper reviews the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature concerning recent brain research findings and its sources over the past 10-15 years. Following an overview of the subject, a discussion about the "critical periods" in a child's brain development shows that there is powerful new evidence from neuroscience that the early years of development set the base for competence and coping skills that affect learning, behavior and health throughout life. It also look at how the findings from this research could be used to enhance or better yet enrich how to better develop the minds so that learning can be maximized in the classroom.
Outline
Background and Overview
Brain-Based Learning Techniques
Summary
From the Paper "In their book, Practical Approaches to Using Learning Styles in Higher Education, Dunn and Griggs (2000) report that people have such unique patterns for learning new and difficult information that "it is hard to judge accurately how to teach anything academically challenging without first identifying how each student learns" (p. 19). Once a student's learning style has been identified, though, educators can develop appropriate processing approach(es), method(s), and sequence(s) of perceptual exposures to resources that are likely to make learning relatively comfortable for everyone involved (Dunn & Griggs, 2000). Educators who support this approach have adopted a brain-based approach to learning, a technique that is not without its detractors."
Abstract Brain-based learning theory is an understanding of learning based on the structure and function of the brain. Learning occurs if the brain is not prohibited from fulfilling its normal process. This paper gives insight into the brain-based learning theory. It summarizes and explains how this theory works and how it can be incorporated into the classroom. It includes a case study and solution using the theory.
From the Paper "Brain-Based learning theory is based on the concept of immersion of one with their environment. Core principals of the brain-based learning theory suggest that learning involves both conscious and unconscious processes. The teacher must be artistic so that all of the student's senses are involved in the learning. Verbal communication and index cards are too traditional and inhibit the brains learning process. We need to incorporate the 12 principals of brain-based learning into our classroom and lesson plan (Knight )."
Abstract This paper examines two instructional approaches to student learning: cognitive coaching brain-based learning. The discusses the complexity of the wide range of skills used in the learning process and looks at how research based approaches can be applied to a classroom setting.
From the Paper "This paper examines the topic of the utilization of two research-based instructional approaches- cognitive teaching and brain-based learning- to enhance student learning. First, to provide a background introduction on the different types of learning, Bloom's Taxonomy and metacognition were represented. This discussion highlighted the wide range of skills in order of their complexity, which are employed in the learning process. Second, cognitive coaching was discussed by highlighting the process of its implementation and its concept of five mind states. By using a three-step process that involves planning observations and reflections cognitive coaching..."
A paper which studies the effects of the Superfund Neurotoxin Methylazoxymethanol (MAM) on brain dendritic spine density in long hooded Evans Rats Rattus norvegicus.
Abstract The paper shows that in the study of structural development in the brain there have been several proposed biomarkers for quantifying brain plasticity. These include but are not limited to cortical thickness, dendritic length and branching, expression of neuronal proteins, and the presence of DNA adducts. The paper discusses the theory that a measure of brain plasticity emerging late in embryonic development will be a very sensitive biomarker for detecting subtle damage suffered by brain cells during earlier stages of brain development not detectable by other means. The paper shows that to test this, the effects of a neurotoxin on the late developing dendritic spines were studied. A significant decrease in spine density was observed as the neurotoxin, methylazoxymethanol, increased. The author of the paper shows how the implications are widespread in the study of neuro-degenerative disease.
From the Paper "Fifty years ago, Donald Hebb demonstrated that the conditions under which laboratory rats were housed could significantly affect their performance in a variety of complex spatial tasks later in life (1). The complex environment rearing paradigm has been valuable in assessing plasticity of a variety of brain components including cerebral cortical microvasculature, astrocyetic morphology, dentritic branching patterns, synaptic number, and synaptic structure are all affected by complex environment rearing (2). It has been suggested that multiple synaptic contacts (spines) may play a role in the spread of the additive effect of learning known as potentiation, among neighboring unstimulated neurons. A lack of these spines and their connection with boutons of neighboring neurons could then result in a decrease in the capacity for learning. Some recent work has indicated that the presence of multiple synaptic contacts may be altered by experience. Most of this research has focused on structural changes in the hippocampus. Dendrtic spines show great variability in structure and connectivity, both within and across brain structures, including 10-fold differences in length and diameter as well as variations in the number of branches and spines per dendrite."
This paper highlights the advances in imaging technology that have allowed scientists to discover how memory works and the areas of the brain involved.
Abstract This paper looks at how the different advances in brain imaging-techniques have contributed to scientists increased ability to understand the concept of memory. It looks at the advent of Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and what they have meant to the increased ability to understand and treat brain, and memory disorders.
From the Paper "For example, fMRI was found useful for research by Awh and colleagues (1999) to observe brain activations during the performance of a spatial working memory task. In this investigation, subjects were given a spatial working memory task and a control task. Using fMRI the researchers found a functionally distinct, region that showed sustained activity during the spatial working memory task, confirming the location for the neural bases for that function. In the past, researchers who wanted detailed studies of human brain activity struggled because they lacked effective investigative tools. In experiments with humans the best technologies brought only limited success in mapping the processes of consciousness."
Abstract In this article the writer discusses the function of the brain within people with autism. The writer firstly defines the neurological disorder of autism that affects each individual in a different way. It should be noted, however, that autism negatively affects normal brain function. The writer notes that many individuals with autism have been considered remarkably intelligent, despite their difficulties relating to the rest of the social order. Further, the writer points out that due to these variances in the manner that autism is present in the affected individual, the issue of brain development comes into question.
From the Paper "Children with autism may not begin to show signs of the developmental disorder until they have passed infancy. A neurological disorder, autism cannot be defined by standard criteria that are universal to all patients because the disorder affects each individual differently. It should be noted, however, that autism negatively affects normal brain function. As the disorder progresses it will inhibit the individual's ability with social interaction and communication."
Abstract This paper looks at the process of metabolism and how it is changed during starvation to keep the brain supplied, first with glucose, and when that is exhausted, with acetyl-CoA. It then looks at the effects of starvation on the brain and how these problems can be corrected.
Abstract This paper looks at the development of the brain from the moment of conception to one year of age. It looks at the development of gender, gender differences in the brain, cognition, and how cognitive function changes through adulthood into old age.
From the Paper There is a four-year period of potential growth lasting from conception until around the third birthday, which is the most critical period for human development. Maria Montessori called this La mente del bambino or the time of the absorbent mind. The brain is composed basically of two types of cells; the neurons which are the nerve cells and the glial cells which are the supportive cells. Information is integrated in the cell bodies of the neurons and travels as an electrochemical impulse along the axon where the..."
Abstract This paper discusses how the brain learns from a physiological standpoint and what the current state of research is. It explores issues cited such as the knowledge of brain physiology and the developmental changes that enable learning. The author of the paper claims that cited literature gives a perspective that learning is intangible and is only evidenced by changes in physiology. The paper considers how the physiological changes happen and how they relate to intangibles related to learning.
Abstract The paper relates that there are many studies into the long-term effects of heavy alcohol use and notes that it may lead to shrinkage of brain material. This in turn may lead to short-term memory deficits. The paper also relates that it is known that heavy alcohol use impairs the hippocampus which affects memory.
Outline:
Introduction
Brain Shrinkage and Short Term Memory Loss
Hippocampus Activity and Memory Loss
Conclusion
From the Paper "As discussed earlier in the essay, heavy consumption has been associated for some time that with reductions in the numbers of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain. The forebrain cholinergic neurons are distinguished into two groups, those of the basal ganglia and those of the basal forebrain. The cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain project to the cortical regions, and the most rostral of these project to the allocortical regions such as the hippocampus. Therefore reductions in numbers of these cholinergic neurons will lead to reductions in activity of these allocortical regions, including the hippocampus. It is also possible that alterations in modulatory transmitter inputs such as cholinergic innervations may also play a role in the reduction of hippocampus activity without the actual loss of cholinergic neurons themselves. However in tests which have been performed on rhesus monkey models it has been shown that hippocampal activity reduction which is related solely to these alterations in modulatory input and not reductions in numbers of cholinergic neurons are unrelated to observed changes in memory function of any kind (Calhoun 475). This does not mean however that the reduction in hippocampal activity related to actual loss of cholinergic neurons does not lead to degeneration of memory function."
Abstract This paper discusses the history of signature wounds from various wars. According to this paper, the Iraq War has resulted in a large number of traumatic brain injuries. This paper goes on to discuss the causes and nature of this injury.
From the Paper "In every war, historians recognize that there will probably be at least one signature wound that will characterize that war for posterity. Incidences of radiation sickness from the atomic bomb will forever distinguish World War II. The Vietnam War still lives on in highlighting the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder. The current Iraq War will be no different. In fact, military doctors are already aware of the signature wound of this conflict, one that is slowly dawning in the public eye. For a variety of reasons--including protective armor and enemy tactics--traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are emerging as one of the most devastating and widespread injuries among U.S. casualties of the Iraq War. Traumatic brain injury has a number of causes. However, the nature of the wound and its effects are well documented."
Abstract This paper provides a detailed overview of acids and bases in the pH scale, including the history, characteristics, types, and Ka values with chemistry and biology applications. The paper covers seven main parts: the history starting with the Romans; the definition of both an acid and a base; the characteristics of acids and bases; types of acids and bases; how to determine an acid number; the relationship between acids and bases to the pH scale; and aqueous and self-ionization solutions. I. Introduction A. What do acids and alkalines have in common? 1.To test whether temperature affected the acidity of different liquids. 2. The complexity and fascination of such project. 3. If different types of liquids were utilized, then temperature would certainly make a difference, however minimal. II. History A. The history of acids have dated back centuries. 1. The Romans first coined the term acidus. 2. Lavoisier's work with acids. 3. Predecessors, such as Arrhenius. III. Definition of acid A. The definition of acids have been controversial at times. 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. The Bronsted definition 3. The Lewis definition IV. Characterizing acids in general B. The nature of acids 1. Sourness 2. Dissolving in water V. Types of Acids A. Strong acids 1. Fundamental characteristics. 2. Dangerous 3. Larger Ka values B. Weak acids 1. Fundamental characteristics 2. Smaller Ka values 3. Equilibrium watch VI. Characterizing Bases. A. Bases are the opposite of acids 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. Characteristics B. Strong and weak bases VII. Acidity A. Acid number has a lot of relation to everything else 1. Determining acid number 2. Acid numbers importance B. pH is the epitome of research 1. Aqueous solution 2. Self- ionization 3. Definitions
From the Paper "What do acids and alkaline truly have in common? The history of the understanding of an acid is relatively old. Dating back to the Roman Empire days, came the word that we derived acid from, acidus, meaning sour. Around the 1800s, French chemists erroneously believed that all acids contained oxygen, including the famed Antoine Lavoisier. Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist in the mid 1800s and a Nobel laureate, did a few experimentations with acids, and came up with concocting a definitive, chemically sound definition of an acid. Later on, in the 20th century, the partners Bronsted and Lowry initiated theories about acids using and published the acid-based concept. The most pragmatic research of acids and bases came from the American chemist Gilbert Lewis. Ever since then, the idea of acids and base has been widely recognized, although the definitions of such terms have been rather controversial."
Abstract This paper explains that the concept of distance-based education has become one of the most dynamic and fastest-growing segments of both university and graduate level educations; even many educational institutions that once considered themselves to have long histories with traditional classroom-based learning have begun to expand their existing programs because of technology advances like the internet. The author points out that, although, in the past, it was often considered that students learned more in traditionally based programs than in distance-based programs, distance-based educational programs have been shown to be just as difficult as any brick and mortar classroom setting and, in many instances, may actually offer more of a challenge than traditional counterparts. The paper states that success measurements should be getting students enrolled and successfully through the program plus surveys of students and teachers regarding the ease of use and system reliability.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Description and Analysis of Context for the Change
Intervention Plan
Student Requirements General Approach
Student Requirements Rationale/Assumptions/Relationship to the Change Literature
Student Requirements Strategies/Stage/Steps
Student Requirements Players/Roles/Responsibilities
Student Requirements Sequencing Of Effort over 3 to 6 Months
Organizational Development Efforts General Approach
Organizational Development Efforts Rationale/Assumptions/Relationship to the Change Literature
Organizational Development Efforts Strategies/Stage/Steps
Organizational Development Efforts Players/Roles/Responsibilities
Organizational Development Efforts Sequencing of Effort over 3 to 6 Months
Success Indicators
From the Paper "The world has adjusted to the internet. Consider that local area networking and the internet has changed life to a point where a music download site like KaZaA has approximately one hundred sixty million users worldwide that have downloaded some version of the company's proprietary software. America is now at point where almost all business people are required to check daily emails and their children download internet music and housewives bargain shop on eBay. The advances in technology like file swapping are skills now just taken for granted. The individuals who take these skills for granted are the potential students for a program like this."
Tags: classroom-based, internet, measurement, requirements, systems
