Abstract
This paper examines Boyer's philosophy of religion, God, and the divine. It explains that, in much the same manner as Darwin, Pascal Boyer entered into a world that again was casting off the moral constraints of a previous generation. It discusses how Boyer insists that religious beliefs are the result of natural brain functions and how this is reflected in a person's daily life.

From the Paper
"When Charles Darwin appeared on the scientific horizon, much of the world was convinced that the religious account of creation accurately declared the genesis of mankind. Although uncomfortable with not being able to touch, taste, smell, or measure the truth of the account, the masses agreed that the biblical accounts of a creator of the species were the generally accepted treatise. However, without any proof, in a society which was being revolutionized by industry and the emergence of formal science, those who disagreed with Darwin had no foundation on which to stand. His theories were quickly accepted because he had put substance to the mythological. He had created a logical, reasonable theory as to the evolution of advanced beings from lesser advanced beings."

Tags:philosophy, religion, god, belief, divine

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine "The History of Calculus" by Carl B. Boyer. The plan of the research will be to set forth the general ideas in the book, and then to explore details contained in the book that summarize the concepts of calculus that Boyer wants to emphasize.

Boyer's The History of the Calculus is put forward as one of the few histories of how the discipline of calculus evolved, apart from an explanation of how to use it mathematically. It is by positioning the ideas of mathematics and philosophy that influenced calculus that Boyer gradually moves toward an explanation of how calculus can actually be used and applied. The background of Boyer's approach appears to be the idea that a richer understanding of how calculus came to "be" in the world of ideas can lead to an understanding of how it can be employed in ... "

Abstract
The paper compares the historian's methodological approach in Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum's "Salem Possessed" and "The Devil in the Shape of a Woman" by Carol Karlsen. The paper relates that it is unlikely that Salem had the same obsession with constraining gender roles as today, while it is equally unlikely that economics was the only motivating force behind the witch hunt. The paper shows how neither author provides an entirely satisfactory solution, but concludes that perhaps both approaches are necessary to get a better idea of what life was like during this perplexing period of American colonial history.

Outline:
Critique 1: Salem Possessed
Critique 2: The Devil in the Shape of a Woman
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum take a fundamentally sociological approach to their analysis of the witchcraft trials suggesting that rather than religion, social mobility or a perceived lack thereof was to blame. The community was torn between two rival factions, the more traditional elite of the Putnams of Salem Village who felt dominated by the increasingly affluent mercantile economy of Salem Town. The supporters of the accusers tended to be wealthy and literate church members who were, for a variety of reasons, unable to take advantage of commercial opportunities that were opening up in the town . They felt a threat to their old, established authority in Salem and were joined in their support of the trials with the poorer, disenfranchised members of the village who were also not benefiting from the new commerce of the age."

Tags:witchcraft, women, trials

Abstract
The paper shows that the movie, "The Crucible" was derived entirely from the book entitled, "Salem Possessed: the Social Origins of Witchcraft" by Paul S. Boyer, with only a few differences, owing to technical limitations in movie production. The paper compares both book and movie and shows how the characters are presented in both.

From the Paper
"Rather than genuine witchcraft or evil magic, historic researches on these witch trials reveal social, political and economic forces as the motivations behind, and true causes of, the spread of the witch craze in the colonies. For one, Salem Town and Salem Village had distinct occupations: Salem town was in the professions, such as inn-keeping, pottery, sawmill operation and shoemaking and gaining wealth though the then new economic order called capitalism. Salem Village, on the other hand, remained in the farm. The Villagers wanted to have their own church, which was necessary for the break they wanted to have from the Puritans, but which Salem town refused them. The Villages saw the town people grow richer, greedier and less devoted to the community."

Tags:Giles, Corey, Abigail, Williams, Salem, Village, Puritanical, Samuel, Parris, Tituba

Abstract
This paper discusses the events of the Salem witch trials, as described in "Salem Possessed." The paper describes the book's suggestion that the burnings and offerings during the trials were a way for the community to purge itself of social and cultural culpability. The paper also discusses the events leading up to the witch trials, which caused the mentality of the society to be jaded.

From the Paper
"What we see here are land issues, as well as cultural identity issues that marked Salem from the beginning of the century when the township was installed. This may seem like a clear and common social issue to us in this day and age, but the result demonstrates how in that time the manifestation of certain inner turmoil elements from collective pressures within a specific community. These pressures could give rise to a specific chain of events and a mentality that would end up treating the accused women in the means that they did. The authors suggest this dynamic as the predictable way a spiritual-based community in a strange land reacted to environmental elements in a world in which the supernatural was considered, believed or accepted as a palpable entity. This fuelled bias in the beliefs of the people, because of the lack of what we consider concrete evidence, which would justify conviction and the taking of a human life as a form of justice. In effect, human laws that were being violated in executing the alleged witches were traceable to an earlier breaking of human law of witchcraft being practiced on people as a violation of their human rights."

Tags:witch trials, community justice, human rights, witchcraft supernatural

Abstract
This paper provides a focused analysis of one article in experimental psychology: Kumar Vedantham, Alain Brunet, Richard Boyer, Daniel S. Wiess, Thomas J. Metzler, and Charles R. Marmar. 2001. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Trauma Exposure, and the Current Health of Canadian Bus Drivers. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 46: 149-155. This essay examines the validity of the dependent variable in the study and evaluates the researchers' discussion of their findings in post-traumatic stress disorder.

Abstract
The paper argues that the American Revolution was not one moment in time that outlined the rest of history, but was rather multiple events that greatly effected the rise of revolution and the eventual overthrow of the British monarchy. The paper examines Paul S. Boyer's book, "The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People" that outlines the history of the New World, breaking down its lifespan in two parts. The paper then shows how the American Revolution was a series of revolts on social, economical and political fronts.

From the Paper
"Boyer's book, The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, outlines the history of the New World, breaking down its lifespan in two parts. The first part deals with discovery and early colonization and the second part describes the events from the Reconstruction period to the growing tension that led to the Civil War. As noted by the author, there are multiple elements in the development of the New World as the new 'utopia'. North America provided what many European discoverers were seeking in the Middle East: An abundance of land and rich resources. Subsequently, the battle for power between the British, French and Spanish set the tone for decades to come, as various European cultures began to colonize the eastern part of North America."

Tags:Europeans, New, World, colonization, Civil, War

Abstract
This paper will examine why there was a poor law crisis in early nineteenth century England, and was the Old Poor Law an intelligent and appropriate response to poverty or was it misguided and self-defeating? The research of J.P. Huzel, J.D. Marshall, G. Boyer and T. Malthus will provide the basis of this analysis.

Abstract
This paper explains that Hong Kong's housing, much more than in other cities, is a significant part of the infrastructure thus influencing the macro-economy: High housing costs cause workers to make wage demands and the employers are facing high location costs as well. The author points out that Hong Kong is unique in almost every respect, populated by Asians but has a Western-style economy but the Asian outlook on long-term investment is paramount. The paper concludes that the economic situation in Hong Kong is recovering faster than in other East Asian nations because of the financialized property-based economy, which is poised perfectly to weather economic storms without seeing the economy evaporate: Housing retains some value in any market; whereas, consumer goods and paper-based wealth of all sorts often do not.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Current Conditions
Literature Review
Findings
Discussion
Land Sales and Land-Related Revenue in Hong Kong 1991-2001
Various Asian Growth Projections, Annual GDP Growth in %: Actual and Projected

From the Paper
"While Singapore and South Korea share some regional norms with Hong Kong, they are more properly considered newly industrialized countries (NICs) than Hong Kong. Park assessed housing policy in South Korea and Singapore because it is an important aspect of social development in addition to a source of shelter; he noted that it also affects access of the population to other material resources. He notes "In most cases, it can influence consumption patterns and household incomes, affecting what people can do and who they can become. For these reasons, most states in advanced capitalist countries have actively intervened in housing provision, although the degree and mode of state intervention vary according to sociopolitical conditions." In Hong Kong, historically and at the present, that intervention is considerable, a fact that sets it apart from most other 'free' economies."

Tags:financialization, boyer, ponzi, western-style, property-based

Abstract
In her 1797 novel, "The Coquette," Hannah Foster presents her critical analysis of female freedom and the politics of courtship and marriage within the restrictive confines of a conventional seduction novel. The paper shows that through her protagonist, Eliza Wharton, Foster creates a woman who goes against the social conformity of a virtuous life, questioning the restrictions that marriage placed on women.

From the Paper
"The real, final decline of Eliza's physical and mental stability occurs when she learns that she is pregnant, "At the first discovery, absolute distraction seized the soul of Eliza, which has since terminated in a fixed melancholy" (Foster, 140). Eliza's moral redemption rests on her acceptance of the ethics of female self-sacrifice. Paradoxically, it is only by losing her fife that Eliza regains part of the power she relinquished from her seduction. On the other hand, her death finally puts her beyond the reach of the libertine who has pursued her, physically as well as psychologically, throughout the novel."

Tags:Major, Sanford, Lucy, Freeman, Sumner, Boyer