Abstract
The paper offers an overview of the U.S. boycott of Cuba. The paper examines reasons for the boycott, evaluates the economic sanctions and comments on the consequences for the U.S. and Cuban economy.

From the Paper
"This essay reviews the trade boycott of Cuba by the United States. At the outset of this essay, two points must be made and understood. First, the boycott exists in the form of sanctions. The sanctions affect trade in that among others things the sanctions prohibit most trade between Cuba and companies based in the United States. (Thomchick Young Ruamsook)"

Tags:cuba, boycott, sanctions

Abstract
This paper is a dramatic enactment of a panel discussion involving five historical and imaginative figures that focuses on the the Montgomery Bus Boycott. They argue about the efficacy of using federal troops to resolve the situation, the importance of nonviolence and a number of other relevant issues. The figures include John F. Kennedy, Abraham Lincoln, Harrison Bergeron, Barbara Holland and Martin Luther King Jr.

From the Paper
Montgomery Bus Boycott SCENE 1 A forum at a futuristic University is quickly gathering an enormous crowd. Many members of the audience mill about as they take their seats and look toward the stage, where the moderator, a tall, slender, olive-skinned woman named MARA stands underneath a spotlight. She clears her throat and calls them all to attention. Next to her at a long table but cast in shadows, FOUR FIGURES all sit conversing quietly amongst themselves. MARA

Tags:boycott, civil rights, nonviolence

Abstract
This paper examines how the movie, "Boycott", replays the events that became known as the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 when Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. stepped forward to lead and actively fight for civil rights. It looks at how he chose not methods of violence, but those of active nonviolence, just as Gandhi taught. This paper outlines Gandhi's influence upon Dr. King and compares the steps taken in the Boycott with those of Gandhi's method of satyagraha.

From the Paper
"The teachings of Mahatma Gandhi have influenced and touched people all over the world- no better example than Dr. Martin Luther King and the people involved in the Montgomery Bus Boycott that took place in 1955. Gandhi developed and used a philosophy of nonviolence when trying to gain independence of India from Great Britain. This philosophy emphasized truth and love but furthermore it was used as an expression of love and respect towards the enemy, without regarding the person as your enemy. Dr. King adopted this philosophy as the best way to gain acceptance and freedom of Blacks from White America in the 1950's. One of the most historically significant examples of this nonviolent philosophy can be seen in the way Dr. King handled the community of Montgomery and directed them to boycott the buses without using violence."

Tags:naacp, rights, satyagraha, civil

Abstract
This paper explains that the motivating force behind the Montgomery Bus Boycott was a lone African-American woman, Rosa Parks, who defied a well-entrenched law of the period that blacks were required to sit at the back of the bus, to enter the bus through rear doors and to yield their seats to white passengers if seating was limited. The author points out that the young Martin Luther King, Jr. was elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), an organization of the various groups that had participated in arranging the boycott, joined forces and named the organization. When it came time to elect a president, King found himself thrust into the position. The paper relates that, while the initial intentions of the bus boycott were far from revolutionary, the event gained national and international attention; not only did it elevate Martin Luther King Jr. to the position of de facto leader of the Civil Rights Movement, but also it established his doctrine of non-violent resistance as a primary method by which the movement would enact social change.

From the Paper
"On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was told to vacate her seat to allow a white man to sit down. Mrs. Parks was sitting in the eleventh row of the bus, with three other blacks also occupying seats in the row. While the other three black passengers yielded to the drivers demand, Mrs. Parks refused, and was consequently arrested. While her place in history is well established, one author pointed out that "Rosa Parks was not, as some versions of civil rights history would have it, just a simple black woman whose feet were tired from working all day for the white folks.""

Tags:non-violent-resistance, leader, seat, refuse, attention

From the Paper
"Introduction
There is sometimes the misapprehension that the Montgomery Bus Boycott resulted from the random action of Rosa Parks, a working woman who was simply too tired to budge from her seat. This is not an accurate picture of the events leading up to her actions, nor of the woman herself. In the following pages, the intention is to look at the woman and the roots of the boycott.
The Facts
The Montgomery Bus Boycott began in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955 with Mrs. Rosa Parks refusal to give up her seat on the bus to a white passenger who had entered. At that time, not only did "colored" passengers have to sit at the back of the bus, they were also required to relinquish their seats to white passengers.."

Abstract
This paper describes the events leading up to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, setting it in a political and historical context.

From the paper:

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a very significant event in the civil rights movement, which spanned the 1950's and 60's. Prior to the Boycott, Montgomery maintained a rigid pattern of bus segregation. Bus drivers carried guns and had police power to rearrange seating. In 1945, Alabama passed a law (reproduced below) requiring that all bus companies under its jurisdiction actually enforce segregation.

Tags:race, discrimination, segregation, laws, southern

Abstract
This paper explains that James Matthews's short story "Azikwelwa" was first published in 1958, reprinted again in 1974, the year of the Mdantsane Bus Boycott, in the collection "The Park and Other Stories" and then reappeared in the journal "Grassroots" in 1982 as an example of life in South Africa and as a particular form of political and social propaganda. The author stresses that the political dimension of the story becomes evident when the protagonist, Jonathan, makes the decision to join the protest. At this point, the text stops being merely a journalistic account of this period of massive disturbances. The paper relates that the literary devices used in this short story, such as repetition, ternary rhythms, alliteration and fricatives, are unusual for prose writing, which makes the prose read more like a poem or a song.

From the Paper
"In January 1957, a bus boycott under the slogan "Azikwelwa" (or "We shall not ride") was initiated by the people of Alexandra Township near Johannesburg to prevent the imposition of increased transportation costs. In the period 1950 - 1980, many such boycotts took place and the whole transport boycott movement is often linked to Apartheid resistance. Some have also identified it as a consumer and a political protest in a period when South African capitalism was entering in a phase of economic recession. For many, it was a demonstration of working-class solidarity which began with civil disobedience but evolved into a process of creation of a collective consciousness. Hence, the massive boycotts are said to have helped in the formation of South African identity."

Tags:propaganda, republished, movement, repetition, poetry

Abstract
This paper examines Rosa Parks and her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The author analyzes the consequences of her actions and shows how civil disobedience and the refusal to obey an unjust law, was an effective method of dissenting protest. Included is an examination of the effects of these events upon the Civil Rights Movement.

From the Paper
"In 1955, Montgomery, AL had a municipal law that required black citizens to ride in the back of the city's buses. That year, Mrs. Rosa Parks, a forty-two year old seamstress, boarded a city bus and sat in the first row of seats in the black section of the bus. The designated white section of the bus was quickly filled and when more white passengers boarded the bus, the driver ordered Mrs. Parks to give up her seat and move back. She refused, and was arrested. When questioned about her actions, Parks replied, "When I declined to give up my seat, it was not that day, or bus, in particular. I just wanted to be free like everybody else. I did not want to be continually humiliated over something that I had no control over: the color of my skin." Her courageous act touched off a 381-day bus boycott led by the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and helped spark the civil rights revolution that followed."

Tags:civil, discrimination, disobedience, protest, rights, segregation

From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
The Civil Rights Movement in its contemporary form started in 1955 with an act of mild disobedience by a black woman on a bus in the Deep South. Black leaders developed several strategies over the next few years, strategies that would be successful in changing laws and in getting some of the long-standing discriminatory institutions of the South changed. Between 1954 and 1965, the Civil Rights Movement developed into a major movement for social justice, societal change, and self-determination for millions of black Americans. The tactics undertaken by the movement have ranged from violent to non-violent, with non-violent predominating under the direction of Martin Luther King Jr. and his followers. The movement started first around the busing issue in Montgomery, Alabama, but it was.."

From the Paper
" The civil rights movement helped prepare America to become a multicultural society. Before the civil rights movement, Americans had believed in the doctrine of "separate but equal." In demanding full integration into society, blacks paved the way for the inclusion of women, disabled people, and other minorities in the American mainstream.

The Montgomery bus boycott of the 1950s was a watershed event in the fledgling civil rights movement. For years, the city bus system in Montgomery, Alabama had been segregated. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a black domestic worker, refused to give up her seat to a white male passenger. Parks was arrested and charged for violating a municipal ordinance. The arrest of Parks, who was a member of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), enraged the black community.."