Abstract
The paper looks at two rebellions in Chinese history; the Tai Ping Rebellion, which was a rebellion of religious fanatics seeking to overthrow the traditional culture of China, and the Boxer Rebellion, which, although religious based, sought to rid the country of European influence. The paper examines the history behind the Tai Ping movement that led it to rebellion, the damage it caused and how it was squashed. However, it also shows how Taiping leaders adopted many policies that would later become the marks of modernizers in China. The Boxer Rebellion, on the other hand, was neither a rebellion or a war against the Europeans, since it was limited to only a few places. By 1901, the imperial government was forced to agree to the humiliating terms of the Boxer Protocol, under which European powers got the right to maintain military forces in the capital. The Boxer Protocols established a new course of reform for China.

From the Paper
"While China was involved in conflicts with Europeans during the Opium War, it was also convulsed by a number of rebellions during the mid-century, including the rebellion in Nien, 1853-1858, where several Muslim rebellions in the southwest and northwest, and especially the Taiping rebellion, resulted in devastating consequences for China. The Taiping rebellion alone lasted for twenty years, leading to some thirty million deaths, in fact, from 1850 to 1873, the rebellion, together with drought and famine caused the Chinese population to drop by over sixty million people, a truly tragic period for China. The Taiping rebellion was an internal disturbance instigated by Hung Hsiu-ch'uan, who possessed a unique mix of European and Chinese cultural. He was the son of a poor farmer near Canton, who had visions which led him to believe that he was sent by God to earth in order to eradicate the demons. After studying under a Baptist minister, Hung and some followers formed a new religious sect called the God Worshippers, dedicated to the destruction of idols in the region around Canton. He believed that the Manchu rulers were the main propagators of demon worship and that to overthrow them would help bring in the Kingdom of Heaven on earth. During the late 1840's, Hung reorganized his movement into a military organization, and began to build a treasury, consolidate forces, and store up weapons. In December 1850, he was attacked by government forces, and successfully defeated them, and the following year declared that the Kingdom of Heavenly Peace at been established with himself as the Heavenly King, thus the era of the Taiping or Great Peace began."

Tags:manchu, kingdom, of, heaven, hung, heavenly, kingdom, of, peace, japan, 1895, the, righteous, and, harmonious, fists, shantung

Abstract
Paper explores concept of history and memory referring to lingering awareness of the Boxer Rebellion and the spirit of anti-Manchuism as emotive experiences shared to different degrees by Chinese. The third shared memory involves the long horrible experience of the Sino-Japanese war of 1932 to 1945 whose atrocities continue to shape politics, how politics should be framed; much speculation and all things human beings do when carrying about a collective experience. several references beyond those assigned by professor.

From the Paper
Chinese History & Variable Memory: Three Cases. Introduction This paper refers to the curious human phenomenon of retaining just a little of trials of old in mind as can sometimes influence present-day opinion and even decision-making. Three trials of modern Chinese history are outlined in turn, commencing with the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 and then a discussion of from the occasion of the Boxer Rebellion, then the memory of Qing Dynasty abuses and anti-Manchuism. The paper's third section contends with a topic far more recent in the Sino-Japanese War of 1932-1945 whose influence still surfaces in current politics, in an

Tags:boxer rebellion, anti, manchuism, wwii

Abstract
The paper relates that the Boxer Rebellion took place from 1898-1900, in Northern China and was waged between ordinary, lower class native Chinese peasants against the foreign missionaries. The paper explains that Cohen's book is more of a history as to how the rebellion has been interpreted, than it is of the immediate implications of the event itself and its aftermath. The paper discusses how Cohen's ideas are useful in terms of how to approach history, particularly historical events that have become especially fraught with meaning in modern culture, way beyond their immediate impact.

From the Paper
"Paul Cohen is a professor of East Asian history with an openly postmodern orientation. The title of the book refers to Cohen's understanding of the rebellion as an event that can be viewed with a series of lenses, rather than a singular historian's lens. The rebellion is an event, experience and also a myth. Significantly, Cohen does not refer to any specific detail about the rebellion in his title; he is more concerned with describing his three-keyed approach to understanding the Boxers, rather than referring to the Boxers themselves. Even the name, the Boxer rebellion, is polluted to some extent in Cohen's eyes, because the idea of the Boxers has become so subject to political influences of people with agendas beyond mere understanding."

Tags:East, Asia, China, history

From the Paper
"In the fifty-eighth year of the reign of the Emperor Qianlong, emissaries from a remote and obscure princeling somewhere off across the South Sea were politely received at the Imperial Court in what is now Beijing. Such embassages were not common, but they were not entirely unknown. If it was judged convenient to do so, a foreign ruler might acknowledge the formal overlordship of the Emperor as ruler of All Under Heaven, in turn for which his people would be permitted to enter trade relations, and encouraged to learn the arts and manners of civilization from an empire that had been the supreme embodiment of these things for three thousand years.

The princeling's emissaries offered examples of their own manufactures and other products. The manufactures were acknowledged to be ingenious, but it was less obvious that they..."

Abstract
This paper discusses rebellion in medieval Europe and looks at the broad forces that made so many of them (if not all of them) possible. From there, the paper also explores the issues of excessive taxation, the unwillingness of the nobility to respect the old responsibilities they once owed their serfs and underlings, the general corruption that made government work as a tool for the elites and not on behalf of the urban poor, and the leadership that drained the public treasury (or at least the pockets of ordinary citizens) while contributing nothing to the well-being of the state as a whole.

From the Paper
"In the final analysis, a review of the Flemish revolt of 1323-1328, the uprising of the ciompi in Florence during the late 1370s, and the peasants' revolt of the early 1380s in England have many more similarities than differences - though some of the differences are interesting, too."

Tags:statesmanship, medieval, rebellion

Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look a the Taiping Rebellion and the role of Christian convert, Hong Xiuquan. The paper notes how as the leader of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Hong Xiuquan gained control of several parts of southern China and ruled in excess of 30 million people. At many points throughout their reign, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom attempted to institute a number of social reforms, ranging from a strict separation of the sexes, land socialization, the suppression of private trade, and the replacement of a number of ideologies such as Confucianism Buddhism and Chinese folk religion with a specific version of Christianity, whereby Hong Xiuquan was said to be the younger brother of Jesus.

From the Paper
"As a massive revolution, the Taiping Rebellion occurred from 1850 to 1864 and was led by heterodox Christian convert Hong Xiuquan. As the leader of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Hong Xiuquan gained control of several parts of southern China and ruled in excess of 30 million people. At many points throughout their reign, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom attempted to..."

Tags:taiping, rebellion, history

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the life and accomplishments of U.S. Senator from California, Barbara Boxer. The author favorably describes Senator Boxer as a vocal advocate for environmental issues, women's rights, gun control, human rights and medical research. Her focus goes beyond the issues of California to the concerns of the country and even the world. The paper highlights her committee assignments and her contributions to legislation. Some of her less successful endeavors are discussed as well, such as bills that failed to reach the floor or pass. The paper concludes with a list of the honors Senator Boxer has received. The author sees California Senator Barbara Boxer as pointing out solutions to problems, and fighting until answers are produced and these solutions are put into action.

From the Paper
"Senator Boxer has made her mark and stated her priorities to the citizens of California by the direct approach that she has adopted throughout her career. Her direct approach is visible from her committee assignments and legislation that she is involved with all the way to her legendary speeches and voting record. She has been a vocal advocate for environmental issues, women's rights, gun control, human rights and medical research. Her focus goes beyond the issues of California to the concerns of the country and even the world. She is immensely involved in projects and endeavors that center on women, children and the environment."

Tags:Women, U.S. Congress, environment, teen pregnancy, advocacy

Abstract
This essay considers the distinctive functions of Western missionaries in nineteenth century China and why they became the carriers and promoters of capitalistic, Western Cultures. Through the examination of China's history, including the Opium war and the Boxer Rebellion, the paper determines the influence of Western missionaries upon Chinese culture and how this affected China and her people. The paper shows how these missionaries were seeking to implement change through Western ideals and values that were and still are meaningless to the majority of the Chinese people.

Outline:
Introduction
A Global View of China's History With The West
Missionary Zeal and the Boxer Rebellion
Why Western Missionaries Became the Carrier of Chinese

From the Paper
"Portuguese merchants and Catholic missionaries, who arrived in China during the late sixteenth century, were the first important cultural meetings between China and Europe. And it was through such missionaries, and their converts, that Christianity was introduced into mainland China throughout the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. However, due to the fear of Catholic influence among the Chinese imperial rulers, Christianity was banned in China from 1724-1860. Throughout this period, therefore, missionary efforts were concentrated on other Southeast Asian countries, as the missionaries waited for China to reopen its boarders to foreigners (High Beam Encyclopaedia, Online Article, 2007)."

Tags:Hudson, Taylor, Opium, War, colonialism, Christianity

Abstract
This paper discusses three or four major events that occurred during the Ming and Qing Dynasties that not only characterize the period but also had an impact on China overall. Issues like the influx of Christian missionaries to the Boxer and Taiping Rebellions are addressed.

From the Paper
"Both of these Chinese Dynasties ultimately fell because of weaknesses but during these centuries they both endured major events that not only shaped each dynasty but also all of China. The Ming Dynasty's ability to sustain order through government and the Qing Dynasty's development of ..."

Tags:emperors, commerce, opium wars, British, colonization, military, peasants, government, ancestor worship, writing, Great Wall, Manchus, Mongols

Abstract
This paper examines 20th century developments pertaining to the United States and China. The paper discusses how the philosophical position of each nation acts as a guiding principle when domestic agendas are decided upon and how these in turn reflect on international relations.

From the Paper
"The United States and China have long eyed one another from across an ideological chasm that has at times appeared unbridgeable. Throughout the 20th century, domestic trends within each nation have diverged such that little common ground appeared to exist between them. Indeed for much of the 20th century, Chinese isolationism reinforced a communist agenda that did not recognize key properties intrinsic to Western society, among them religious freedom, capitalist business practices and a generally individualistic disposition."

Tags:china, united states, trade, ideology, communism, nixon, mao zedong, boxer rebellion