This paper argues that the U.S. Supreme Court case, ?Bowers vs. Hardwick? (1986), which denied the fundamental right of homosexuals to engage in acts of consensual sodomy, was flawed.
Abstract This paper explains that the ?Bowers vs. Hardwick? decision meant that engaging in homosexual acts between consenting adults, even in the privacy of their homes, could be considered a criminal offence; the exercise of such law by certain states did not constitute a violation of one's fundamental rights or liberty under the Due Process Clause. The author points out that the decision in ?Bowers vs. Hardwick? conflicts with several other previous and similar right-of-privacy decisions of the Court, including "Griswold vs. Connecticut" (1965). The paper relates that ?Bowers vs. Hardwick? was overruled by the courts 16 years later.
From the Paper "Briefly, the facts of Bowers v Hardwick reveal that Michael Hardwick was a bartender in a gay bar in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1982, a houseguest of Hardwick unknowingly let a police officer enter Hardwick's home. The officer went to the bedroom where Hardwick was engaged in oral sex with his partner. The men were arrested and charged with violating the Georgia statute that criminalizes sodomy. Charges were later dropped, but Hardwick brought the case forward in the Federal District Court with the purpose of having the sodomy law declared unconstitutional. The court ruled in favor of the defendants for the claimant's failure to state a claim. The Court of Appeals reversed and remanded the decision on the grounds that the Georgia sodomy statute violated the respondent's (Hardwick?s) fundamental rights. The Supreme Court held that the Georgia statute was constitutional and reversed."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the great variety of modern sonnet forms in the works of Irving Layton, George Bowering, and Phyllis Webb. It maintains that, by understanding the tenets of free verse that accompany fourteen lines presented in stanza formation, the poetry of Layton and Webb show a similarity in line structure, yet they often stray from the haiku form used by Webb. The paper points out that the poetry of Bowering offers a stilted lack of fourteen-line combinations, despite the rhyme scheme of the traditional sonnet form. At the same time, he offers a free verse sensibility that is modern in the forms used by Webb and Layton. In conclusion, the paper holds that all three of these poets project an individualistic and modern adaptation of the sonnet form.
From the Paper "George Bowering's "Summer Solstice" provides a very similar usage of iambic pentameter, very much in line with Layton's style. However, the reliance on fourteen line verses are missing from Bowering's organization of poems overall parts. The first part of the poem represents a distinct introduction that his poem is being based on the traditional fourteen-line sonnet, but this is the only recognizable aspect of the eleven parts he provides as a continuum of his overall form."
Abstract This paper investigates if the ancient seafloor ridges, Shirshov Rise and Bowers Ridge, are features of old subduction zones or hotspot tracks. After reviewing four articles, the paper concludes that there still is much to be learned about the formation, age and tectonic truths of ancient seafloor ridges like Bowers and Shirshov. The paper indicates that the evidence points to these ridges having been formed by volcanic activity, such as hotspots and spreading, but, at this time, they are likely subduction zones.
Table of Contents:
Are the Shirshov Rise and Bowers Ridge Features Old Subduction Zones or Hotspot Tracks?
Article: "Shock Dynamics: Alaska" (http://www.newgeology.us)
But, is Bowers Ridge An Old Subduction Zone?
Article: B. Steinberger et. al. "Plate-Tectonic Reconstructions Predict Part of the Hawaiian Hotspot Track to be Preserved in the Bering Sea"
What is the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain?
So are the Bowers and Shirshov Rises or Ridges Old Subduction Zones?
Article: D. Scholl. "Viewing the Tectonic Evolution of the Kamchatka-Aleutian (KAT) Connection with an Alaska Crustal Extrusion Perspective"
Article: B. Hubbard "The Disappearing Island"
Conclusion
From the Paper "Following that formation of a strike-slip zone, the separate Shirshov and Bowers Ridge "developed from the originally continuous and straight strike-slip zone." And that "supposed" oceanic plateau was originally part of the Hawaiian hotspot, Steinberger believes. The reconstruction of ancient geologic events, as Steinberger and his colleague Carmen Giana have suggested, including plate motion in the Bering Sea, means that Alaska may have "accommodated" the westward movement of the Bering Sea in relation to the North American plate."
Abstract This paper examines how the Supreme Court's decision negating "a fundamental right to engage in homosexual sodomy" is rooted not in legal tradition but in an implicit need to preserve Judeo-Christian and heterosexual values. By looking at the reasons behind the Bowers v. Hardwick decision, this paper studies how the law is often used as a double-edged sword, to enhance the privileged position of certain groups of society at the expense of the needs of others.
From the Paper "Bowers v. Hardwick centers around respondent Hardwick, who was arrested for violating the Georgia statute prohibiting acts of sodomy between homosexuals. Hardwick then brought suit in Federal District court, asserting that by criminalizing consensual sodomy in the privacy of the bedroom, the Georgia statute violated the constitutional right to privacy (Bowers v. Hardwick). Hardwick charged that homosexual activity is "a private and intimate association" and should therefore not be subject to state regulation, as guaranteed by both the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Federal Court upheld Hardwick's argument, but the case was remanded to the Court of Appeals and eventually, to the Supreme Court (Bowers v. Hardwick)."
Abstract This paper outlines the qualities and criteria of romantic poetry and attempts to show how it is possible to compare and contrast the poetic style and subject matter of Coleridge's poems,to these criteria in order to determine the extent to which he fits the description ?Romantic poet.? The poems analysed are ?Eolian Harp,? "This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison" and ?Kubla Khan.? The paper then highlights Coleridge's Gothic credentials, focusing in particular on ?Christabel.?
From the Paper "An excellent example of innovation in the way that a poem is divided, and indeed of many other Romantic attributes, is This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison; it contains three sections of twenty, twenty-four and thirty four lines respectively, an irregular structure. The first section conveys a sense of lost opportunity; resigned to missing out on a walk with his friends, Coleridge, due to his heightened insecurities, initially wallows in self pity, an almost obligatory action in many of his autobiographical poems, ?Well, they are gone, and here I must remain / This lime-tree bower my prison!? This focus on, or reference to, the poet himself is an important feature of Romantic poetry and can also be seen in Lines, The Eolian Harp, and Reflections On Having Left a Place of Retirement. However, the second part of the first section and the entire second section show a complete change in spirits on the part of Coleridge, who begins to derive pleasure from imagining the natural beauty surrounding, and the enjoyment of, his friends as they walk. "
Tags:bower, christabel, eolian, gothic, harp, khan, kubla, lime, samuel, tree
Abstract Tracy Chapman's song, "Fast Car", tells the story of lovers who desperately want to escape poverty, but can?t find a way out. Neal Bower's poem, "Driving Lessons", discusses a son who is in the middle of his parents? unhappy marriage. This paper explains that, while they tell very different stories on the surface, the two are similar in theme and the type of imagery used. Both use driving as a metaphor, questioning the traditional idea of driving as freedom, instead seeing driving as a symbol of being trapped. Both ?Fast Car and "Driving Lessons" deal with the inevitability of family obligation, and loneliness is a theme throughout the song and the poem.
From the Paper "Unlike the traditional idea of the car as a means to freedom, both "Fast Car" and ?Driving Lessons prove that one cannot drive away from problems. In ?Fast Car,? Chapman's protagonist initially sees the car as a means of escape from her dreary, everyday life, but she soon realizes that her problems go deeper than immediate location. At first her lover's fast car seem like the way to freedom, but she eventually realizes that this freedom is an illusion: "You got a fast car/And we go cruising to entertain ourselves/You still ain't got a job/And I work in a market as a checkout girl" (Chapman). Despite the fast car and the physical ability to escape, she and lover remain mired in their poverty and cannot escape. In the end, the song's protagonist gives up on the idea of driving to freedom: "I'd always hoped for better/Thought maybe together you and me would find it/I got no plans/I ain't going nowhere/So take your fast car and keep on driving" (Chapman)."
This paper discusses the use of ambiguity in "A Short Story" by George Bowering, "Young Goodman Brown" by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and "A Sorrowful Woman" by Gail Godwin.
Abstract This paper explains that, while many writers lure their readers with vivid and detailed descriptions of the characters, plot, and setting in their stories to draw the reader into the book, others use ambiguity to force the readers to question their own views. The author points out that, in "A Short Story," Bowering leaves the ending purposely ambiguous in order to get the reader to think more about the "whys" than the "whats" of the plot. The paper relates that, in "Young Goodman Brown," Hawthorne never tells the reader if the character's experience is dream or reality; and, in "A Sorrowful Woman," Gail Goodwin presents a story that is already in progress.
From the Paper "In "A Short Story", George Bowering uses a very broken layout to emphasize the elements of his story. The story is broken into parts titled setting, characters, protagonist, symbolism, conflict, dialogue, flashback, foreshadowing, plot, and theme. Using the first eight sections, Bowering builds to a dramatic climax in the "plot" segment. Donna, the protagonist, alludes to an abusive experience between her stepfather (Art) and herself in the recent past. Donna is hurt by her mother's defense of Art, and we find out that she is returning home after a long absence. Donna visits her mother, and Bowering writes "When Art propelled the bedroom door open, Donna was pointing a loaded shotgun at his head" (546). Then, "Donna turned a smooth quick arc, & shot her mother's face off." "
An examination of the imaginative journey in a comparison of Samuel Coleridge's poems, "Lime Tree Bower," "Frost at Midnight" and "Cover of Ivory Trail" and Tennessee Williams' "The Glass Menagerie."
1,407 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 0 sources, 2007, $ 46.95
Abstract This paper discusses the concept of the imaginative journey through Samuel Coleridge's poems, "Lime Tree Bower," "Frost at Midnight" and "Cover of Ivory Trail" and Tennessee Williams' "The Glass Menagerie." It explains how all of the texts assert the power of the imaginative journey in evoking the poetic, in moving beyond mere appearance, beyond exhausted realism, to provoke new insights into reality and creative processes.
From the Paper "The Glass Menagerie invites the reader on an imaginative journey. Williams' surrealist technique of magic lantern slides produces quite hazy, unfixed images, reinforcing Tom's assertion in his opening monologue that the play "is not realistic". Williams suggests a series of titles and images which evoke the evocative and illogical logic of dreams. For example, the images of blue roses at the beginning of scene 2- the projection of this surrealist image prior to any mention of 'blue roses' in the dialogue itself provokes the reader's imagination. However, when the image is finally referred to, the viewer's mind is likely to float back to the poetic image. Hence, Williams subverts the linear narrative and creates a strange, elliptical link between past and present moments. This technique is an attempt to engage the viewer in an imaginative journey to connect with reality in a more penetrating and fresh way and gain a more vivid understanding of things the way they are."
Abstract The paper discusses how the U.S. Supreme Court provided tangible direction in 1967's 'Loving vs. Virginia' and in 1986's 'Bowers vs. Hardwick'. The paper shows that by ruling against states? rights, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to prohibit interracial marriage in Loving but sided with Georgia in Bowers and ruled that the state statute prohibiting sodomy was constitutional -- striking gay rights a blow from which they only began to recover in 1996. The paper explores how these two cases had an immense impact on the historical progress of the twentieth century - the end of the century concerned itself primarily with equality and equal rights for various groups and these two cases were seminal in determining the course of the twenty-first century's continuation of the quest for equal rights.
From the Paper "Interracial marriages and gay rights represent much larger issues -- as if those issues are not large enough. American history since 1789 is one long debate between states? rights and federal powers. Those usually willing to effect change in favor of minority groups have clamored for federal powers to refuse states the right to marginalize certain groups. Those who prefer the conservative -- whether evangelical Christian or not -- viewpoint call for the federal government to stay out of states? regulations pertaining to hotbed issues like race and sexual orientation."
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine the majority opinion in Bowers v. Hardwick. The plan of the research will be to set forth an opposing answer to the opinion by addressing the main points relevant to the issue of the right to privacy raised by the case, making reference not only to the Constitution and to other decisions by the Supreme Court, but to the various opinions written by all justices taking part in the decision.
In a 5 to 4 vote, the Supreme Court in 1986 decided that mutually consensual homosexual conduct, specifically the act of sodomy, committed in the privacy of a home, could Constitutionally be prohibited by the state of Georgia. The majority position was taken in opposition to a petition on the part of a man charged with sodomy to the effect that "the Federal Constitution confers a fundamental right upon homosexuals to..."
Abstract Discusses the reference book on what needs to be done to ensure a healthy house. Defines a healthy home as one with good indoor air quality. Subsystems of a building and its materials and components; health hazards of each. Examples of three healthy houses. Sources, symptoms & treatments of unhealthy elements (lead, asbestos, etc).
From the Paper "Introduction
The Healthy House (2001) by John Bower, is a very well organized reference work on almost everything that needs to be done to ensure a healthy home, i.e. a house with good indoor air quality, free of most gases, odors, particulates, or dust. This comprehensive work is good for anyone interested in living in a healthy home and is essential for anyone who is chemically sensitive or has suffered from sick building syndrome. First, John Bower introduces the reader to indoor air quality and other fundamentals. He then discusses the subsystems contained within a building and explains the different materials and components that go into building a house, specifically the health aspects of each. He follows up with detailed examples of three healthy houses along with a complete section of resource material..."
Abstract Four states have outlawed homosexual sodomy specifically. The author discusses the impact that the laws, the general deterioration of the system and the issue of disrespect. The paper covers the containment of equal rights movements - specifically same-gender marriage, employment and parental rights - by use of sodomy laws as justification, as well as the the impacts of heterosexism. The author uses the analysis of homosexual interest groups in America to discuss the potential for repeal of these statutes and gives options for policy changes.
Outline
Introduction
History of Sodomy Laws
States with the Laws
Bowers and Lawrence
Level of Government
State Level
Harms of Anti-Sodomy Statutes
Penumbral Crimes
Equal Rights Denied
Employment
Marriage
Parental Rights
Heterosexism
Interest Groups
Lack of Representation
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "Gandhi was once noted as saying, "My notion of democracy is that under it the weakest shall have the same opportunities as the strongest" (Interfaith Alliance n. pag.). Yet in America, Gandhi's vision of democracy is not being represented as he would have dreamed. When a large percentage of the population is deemed criminal merely by the nature of their sexual conduct, pluralism is undermined and equal rights are impossible to attain. The anti-sodomy laws that exist in America serve no true purpose ? they are rarely enforced and when they are, it is based on a pretext or prejudice. When weighing the costs and the benefits, the choice is an easy one to make. Anti-sodomy laws are used to deny rights and entrench heterosexism. These laws most likely remain in place because of the relative political weakness of gay and lesbian groups."
This paper discusses the Romantic poet, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and the roles that William and Dorothy Wordsworth and Charles Lamb played in influencing him as poet, thinker, and critic.
Abstract This paper explains that friendship was a crucial concept to the Romantic poets; the leading literary figures of this period were intensely aware of each other, continually informed of others? work and the reactions to it. The author points out that Coleridge's poem, "The Eolian Harp", was developed over a period of twenty-three years, beginning in 1795; in its changing nature can be seen, among other things, the influence of Wordsworth on Coleridge's poetic art. The paper relates that Charles Lamb (1775-1834), always among Coleridge's most sympathetic, perceptive, and influential critics, played an important role in the development of Coleridge's poetic style, arguing for a clearer voice of feeling in Coleridge's verse in terms that first anticipated, then paralleled and strengthened, the influence of Wordsworth's "plain style" on Coleridge's writings.
From the Paper "In 1791 William Wordsworth published two volumes of verse, "Descriptive Sketches" and "An Evening Walk". These two works acquired a number of admirers for the young poet, among them being Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Coleridge had been a student at Cambridge from 1791 to 1793, and upon reading "Descriptive Sketches" had declared that "seldom, if ever, was the emergence of an original poetic genius above the literary horizon more evidently announced". The two already shared some acquaintances (indeed, one of Coleridge's contemporaries at Cambridge was William Wordsworth's brother, Christopher) and they eventually met in the autumn of 1795. Either on this occasion or shortly afterwards, Wordsworth shared his poem "Guilt and Sorrow" with Coleridge, and the latter recorded the effect it had upon him."
Abstract Appearance has a strong influence on characters' actions. A person or thing may appear one way, but its meaning may be quite different. This paper shows how, in the "Faerie Queen", Edmund Spenser employs the use of appearances to give characters and passages in his poem double meanings. Sometimes the message of the poem is clearly expressed, but the second meaning is only suggested by subtle means. Other times throughout the poem we can clearly see during the development of the story how characters make irreversible mistakes based on appearance. Often times throughout the story things are not how they appear.
From the Paper "Appearances can be deceiving. In Book II, we are introduced to Sir Guyon and the Palmor. Sir Guyon represents temperance or self-restraint. The Palmor is his mentor or the voice of reason. Sir Guyon has been commissioned by the Faerie Queene to search for and destroy the Bower of Bliss. The focus of Book II is the controlling of human desire. The force throughout book II that seems to be the underlying cause of misery is Acrasia, a beautiful enchantress. Book II centers around temptation. Many things tempt the characters throughout the poem because they appear so pleasing to the senses. We will see how over indulgence can divert a character away from his chosen path."
This paper discusses court cases, which deal with the privacy rights of individuals in the areas of homosexuality, drug testing, birth control and the right to die.
Abstract This paper explains that, although everyone agrees that privacy rights of individuals should be protected by governmental laws, the extent of one's right to privacy has often been a matter of vast disagreement in the court system of the United States. The author points out that an individual's right to sexual privacy, including homosexuality, is an issue that has been brought before the courts repeatedly; "Bowers v. Hardwick" is a landmark case fought in 1986, which tested these boundaries. The paper relates that the United States Supreme Court has established that, to some extent, an individual does have a limited right to die: by citing "Griswold v. Connecticut" and even "Roe v. Wade", the court stated that, if the right to privacy is broad enough to include a woman's decision to terminate her pregnancy, it also provides a basis for the right to die.
From the Paper "Drug testing is another issue that has been fiercely debated in the courts. With the increase of illegal drug use across the United States, many institutions have tried to institute a policy of random testing in order to combat the problem. Opponents of this policy claim that these random drug tests are an invasion of privacy rights and violate the Fourth Amendment, which protects against unreasonable searches. A group of parents challenged the Oklahoma school district's policy of random drug testing in front of the Supreme Court. The school district established a policy of random urine tests for students who want to join the marching band, academic team or any competitive extracurricular activity. In previous cases, the court had ruled that general urine testing required a warrant or some evidence of drug use. However, in a school setting, there is a lower expectation to privacy and in Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton in 1995, the Supreme Court ruled that drug testing for student athletes did not violate their privacy rights, since these students were the most at risk and could choose whether or not to participate in sporting activities."
