Abstract
In this essay the writer compares and contrasts breast feeding versus bottle feeding. The writer discusses the impact of infant and child's early interaction with food on eating habits as an adult. The writer discusses whether bottle feeding or breast feeding offers less strain to the infant.

From the Paper
"In a discussion of eating disorders in relation to food and feeding in infancy and the early childhood years, Brazelton and Sparrow point out that one of the keys to healthy eating as an adult is associated with whether a child's earliest interaction with food was a strain or a struggle. While for any given child what constitutes strain or struggle can differ, Brazelton and Sparrow's remarks bring up the question of whether generally it is less of a strain on ... "

Tags:Breast, feeding, bottle, feeding, infants

Abstract
In this paper the writer discusses the article "Factors Contributing to Preterm Infant Engagement During Bottle-Feeding," that appeared in the September/October 2004 issue of the Journal Nursing: Official Journal of the Eastern Nursing Research society and the Western Institute of Nursing. The writer notes that this journal is a peer-reviewed publication. The writer points out that this study was well written and maintains that all of its points and conclusions were clear and fully explained and supported. Further, the writer declares that the interpretations were appropriate, led to logical conclusions and appeared to be unbiased. The writer concludes that the article increases the writer's knowledge about bottle-feeding and answers many questions about the importance of an infant being engaged during the feeding process.

Outline:
Source
Abstract
Research Problem
Literature Review
Theoretical Framework
Variables
Hypothesis
Design
Sample
Data Collection
Study Procedures
Ethical Consideration
Data Analysis
Discussion and Interpretation of Findings
Application to Nursing Practice
Presentation

From the Paper
"The research was clearly described as a cross-sectional study conducted in the Midwest over a period of six months. There was no manipulation of the independent variables; rather, the manner in which the data was recorded was altered to make the data more meaningful. A lot of attention was given to detail in this study and efforts were made to control for potential confounding factors."

Tags:oral, feeding, stimulation, engagement

Abstract
This paper analyzes a study done on the health care costs associated with bottle-feeding infants in comparison to breast-feeding infants. This study draws on two previously conducted studies. One study analyzes the cost of caring for children that had otitis media and lower respiratory tract diseases. The other study drawn upon for the data used to conduct the research for this paper concerned children treated for gastrointestinal illnesses. Both studies drawn upon concerned infants 12 months of age and younger.

From the Paper
"The literature is heavily biased in favor of breast feeding infants. The reasons behind this bias are usually those of bonding and emotional health: breast-feeding is more natural, it provides skin-to-skin contact, and children feel more nurtured. At times, the general health benefits are discussed, such as the infant swallowing more air when bottle-feeding, the reduced frequency of dental caries when breast-feeding, and the contrasts between dentition of infants fed in either manner. The question examined by the article reviewed for this paper expands upon the issue of these general health concerns. The researchers examine the ..."

Tags:natural, mother, baby, lactation

Abstract
This paper is an analysis of a nursing research article that studies the effect of care-giver behavior and infant engagement on the duration and the efficiency of the bottle-feeding process. The paper explains that the sample size for this study was small and limited; however, the paper asserts, this limitation did not seem to have a significant effect on the results. The paper concludes that this article was clear, informative, and unbiased.

From the Paper
"This article, "Factors Contributing to Preterm Infant Engagement During Bottle-Feeding," appeared in the September/October 2004 issue of the journal Nursing: Official Journal of the Eastern Nursing Research society and the Western Institute of Nursing." This journal is a peer-reviewed publication. The research is relatively current, being several years old, but is from a current source. Abstract The abstract provided sufficient information about the author's research ..."

Tags:breastfeeding, baby, infant, child, mother

Abstract
To identify the factors that serve to influence a mother's decision to breastfeed or bottle-feed her infant, this paper examines the cultural and social factors that have historically shaped these decisions during the period 1950 to date. The paper makes use of both historical and ethnographic qualitative methods. The results of the study serve as a useful framework in which to develop a best practices approach for clinicians to use in a wide range of treatment settings to help women make the right decision based on the scientific evidence rather than potentially spurious and unrealistic historical considerations concerning breastfeeding practices.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Significance of Study
Limitations of Study
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Theory
Proposed Methods
Expected Outcomes and their Importance
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Several factors serve to influence a mother's decision to breastfeed or bottle-feed her infant, including the media, public marketing of formula, hospital policies, work environments, social and personal support networks, cultural and individual beliefs, and breastfeeding advice by clinicians and non-health care professionals; unfortunately, all of these factors affect minorities in America disproportionately (Oyeku 2003:377). For example, the results of the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey provide some insight into contemporary factors that may account for the comparatively low breastfeeding rates among African American women today. In this survey, Beal and her associates determined that African American women were less likely than their white counterparts to recall receiving breastfeeding advice from clinicians and women, infant and children (WIC) counselors than white women. "

Tags:nursing, formula, la, leche

Abstract
This paper examines how, as more women enter the workforce, the question of whether or not to breast feed becomes a decision of great importance. It evaluates studies dealing with the effect of breast feeding on infant nutrition and development, as compared to the effect of bottle feeding. It shows how breast feeding has gone in and out of style throughout the years, but as research continues, its use has been proven to be overall physically and cognitively beneficial and its positive effect on health cannot be ignored.

Outline
Studying Health Care Costs of Formula-Feeding in the First Year of Life
Breast feeding and Later Cognitive and Academic Outcomes
Breast feeding Effects on Intelligence Quotient in 4- and 11-Year-Old
Research Shows Breast Feeding is Beneficial

From the Paper
"Breast feeding also has the probable protective effect of deterring sudden infant death syndrome, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, lymphoma, allergic diseases, as well as other chronic digestive diseases (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1997, p. 1035). Klaus and Kennell(1976) found that a mother's milk provides better immunity and eliminates dangers of formula contamination. In fact, infants that were still breast feeding at six months had gained one-and-a-half pounds more, and had had fewer infections. Klaus and Kennell (1976) surmised that these differences may simply reflect the advantages of breast feeding over bottle feeding."

Tags:formula, disease, health, growth, development

From the Paper
"The subject of this paper is the effects of breast-feeding on infant nutrition and development as compared to the effects of bottle feeding. The issue of breast-feeding versus bottle feeding has been greatly debated by scientists, pediatricians and parents. Determining the benefits of breast-feeding infants is critical in enabling parents to make an informative choice when deciding to breast-feed or bottle feed their infants. Some scientists have found that breast milk contains elements that provide greater immunity to infants than formula milk, thus preventing them from getting infections (Rosenblith, 1992, p. 169). Furthermore, there is a close association between maternal-infant bonding and breast-feeding (Rosenblith, 1992, p. 169). Breast-feeding requires constant intimate physical contact between the mother and infant. After birth, the mother needs the..."

Abstract
This paper details facts on the health debate in predominantly third world countries. It discusses the Nestle formula case and how marketing has made breast-feeding into something to be thought about by many mothers. It shows how before breast-feeding was the default choice of nutrition, formula has taken a large portion of the market share. Pros and cons of each choice is presented.

From the Paper
"Breast-feeding advocates around the world state that 1.5 million babies die each year from improper substitution of breast-feeding. That's a death every 21 seconds. Since the 1970's, an international battle has raged over the marketing exploits of the baby food industry. With Nestle controlling 40% of the multi-billion dollar worldwide baby milk industry, they have been the most visible target of boycotts and legislation. However, after almost 30 years in the news, it seems that neither side has made any real progress. Nestle claims it adheres to international code and provides a very necessary product; breast-feeding advocates shout bloody murder and continue their campaign. How can this debate be resolved?"

Tags:child, care, formula, nutrition, health, africa, nestle, market, milk, baby

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the cliche that breastfeeding is preferable over bottle feeding because it helps forge a mother-daughter bond is a common one. The writer explores this issue to determine whether breast feeding affects the relationship between mother and child.
The writer looks at two research papers which examine the topic, and draws some interesting conclusions.

From the Paper
"Though medical evidence regarding this belief is lacking, general sentiment to date tends to revolve around a preference toward breastfeeding. The number of women who choose to breastfeed their children is growing, primarily owing to public and government health initiatives. However, are women really selecting breastfeeding over bottle feeding in other to forge a mother-daughter bond? Or are other factors more instrumental? "

Tags:breastfeed, relationship, infant

Abstract
The paper relates that the World Health Organization recommends that infants receive all of their nutritional needs through breast milk during the first six months of life. The paper looks at how Niers and Stasse-Wolthius explain in detail why that recommendation should be followed by mothers and the approach which nurses should take both to breastfeeding and to bottle feeding. The paper discusses how bottle feeding can provide the infant with excellent nutrition, but it cannot support the infant's immune system unless it is supplemented with certain ingredients. The paper then relates that many families have no choice but to bottle feed, and they need support and information. The paper goes on to explain that the value of breastfeeding is partly found in its comprehensive nutritional value, but the more substantial value is that it provides the passive and active immunity that the infant had in the uterus.

From the Paper
"The World Health Organization recommends that infants receive all of their nutritional needs through breast milk during the first six months of life. Niers and Stasse-Wolthius (2007) explain in detail why that recommendation should be followed by mothers and the approach which nurses should take both to breastfeeding and to bottle feeding. Bottle feeding can provide the infant with excellent nutrition, but it cannot support the infant's immune system unless it is supplemented with certain ingredients. Many families have no choice but to bottle feed, and they need support and..."

Tags:breast, bottle, feeds