Abstract In this essay the writer compares and contrasts breast feeding versus bottlefeeding. The writer discusses the impact of infant and child's early interaction with food on eating habits as an adult. The writer discusses whether bottlefeeding or breast feeding offers less strain to the infant.
From the Paper "In a discussion of eating disorders in relation to food and feeding in infancy and the early childhood years, Brazelton and Sparrow point out that one of the keys to healthy eating as an adult is associated with whether a child's earliest interaction with food was a strain or a struggle. While for any given child what constitutes strain or struggle can differ, Brazelton and Sparrow's remarks bring up the question of whether generally it is less of a strain on ... "
This paper provides an analysis of an article about bottlefeeding entitled "Factors Contributing to Preterm Infant Engagement During Bottle-Feeding", by S.M. Thoyre and R.L. Brown.
Abstract In this paper the writer discusses the article "Factors Contributing to Preterm Infant Engagement During Bottle-Feeding," that appeared in the September/October 2004 issue of the Journal Nursing: Official Journal of the Eastern Nursing Research society and the Western Institute of Nursing. The writer notes that this journal is a peer-reviewed publication. The writer points out that this study was well written and maintains that all of its points and conclusions were clear and fully explained and supported. Further, the writer declares that the interpretations were appropriate, led to logical conclusions and appeared to be unbiased. The writer concludes that the article increases the writer's knowledge about bottle-feeding and answers many questions about the importance of an infant being engaged during the feeding process.
Outline:
Source
Abstract
Research Problem
Literature Review
Theoretical Framework
Variables
Hypothesis
Design
Sample
Data Collection
Study Procedures
Ethical Consideration
Data Analysis
Discussion and Interpretation of Findings
Application to Nursing Practice
Presentation
From the Paper "The research was clearly described as a cross-sectional study conducted in the Midwest over a period of six months. There was no manipulation of the independent variables; rather, the manner in which the data was recorded was altered to make the data more meaningful. A lot of attention was given to detail in this study and efforts were made to control for potential confounding factors."
Abstract This paper analyzes two research papers which examine the correlation between breastfeeding and bonding. This paper briefly examines the results of social influences on women who choose breastfeeding and those who choose bottle-feeding. It explains how research has revealed the inadequacy of the medical profession on the argument of breastfeeding versus bottle-feeding and how this is a serious problem. The paper concludes that more research is necessary in order to determine whether breastfeeding does affect the mother-infant bond.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature on the Breastfeeding Vs. Bottle-feeding Debate
Conclusion
From the Paper "The cliche that breastfeeding is preferable over bottle-feeding because it helps forge a mother-daughter bond is a common one. Though medical evidence regarding this belief is lacking, general sentiment to date tends to revolve around a preference toward breastfeeding. The number of women who choose to breastfeed their children is growing, primarily owing to public and government health initiatives. However, are women really selecting breastfeeding over bottle-feeding in other to forge a mother-daughter bond? Or are other factors more instrumental?"
Abstract This paper examines how, as more women enter the workforce, the question of whether or not to breast feed becomes a decision of great importance. It evaluates studies dealing with the effect of breast feeding on infant nutrition and development, as compared to the effect of bottlefeeding. It shows how breast feeding has gone in and out of style throughout the years, but as research continues, its use has been proven to be overall physically and cognitively beneficial and its positive effect on health cannot be ignored.
Outline
Studying Health Care Costs of Formula-Feeding in the First Year of Life
Breast feeding and Later Cognitive and Academic Outcomes
Breast feeding Effects on Intelligence Quotient in 4- and 11-Year-Old
Research Shows Breast Feeding is Beneficial
From the Paper "Breast feeding also has the probable protective effect of deterring sudden infant death syndrome, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, lymphoma, allergic diseases, as well as other chronic digestive diseases (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1997, p. 1035). Klaus and Kennell(1976) found that a mother's milk provides better immunity and eliminates dangers of formula contamination. In fact, infants that were still breast feeding at six months had gained one-and-a-half pounds more, and had had fewer infections. Klaus and Kennell (1976) surmised that these differences may simply reflect the advantages of breast feeding over bottle feeding."
Tags: formula, disease, health, growth, development
Abstract To identify the factors that serve to influence a mother's decision to breastfeed or bottle-feed her infant, this paper examines the cultural and social factors that have historically shaped these decisions during the period 1950 to date. The paper makes use of both historical and ethnographic qualitative methods. The results of the study serve as a useful framework in which to develop a best practices approach for clinicians to use in a wide range of treatment settings to help women make the right decision based on the scientific evidence rather than potentially spurious and unrealistic historical considerations concerning breastfeeding practices.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Significance of Study
Limitations of Study
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Theory
Proposed Methods
Expected Outcomes and their Importance
Conclusion
From the Paper "Several factors serve to influence a mother's decision to breastfeed or bottle-feed her infant, including the media, public marketing of formula, hospital policies, work environments, social and personal support networks, cultural and individual beliefs, and breastfeeding advice by clinicians and non-health care professionals; unfortunately, all of these factors affect minorities in America disproportionately (Oyeku 2003:377). For example, the results of the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey provide some insight into contemporary factors that may account for the comparatively low breastfeeding rates among African American women today. In this survey, Beal and her associates determined that African American women were less likely than their white counterparts to recall receiving breastfeeding advice from clinicians and women, infant and children (WIC) counselors than white women. "
Abstract This paper details facts on the health debate in predominantly third world countries. It discusses the Nestle formula case and how marketing has made breast-feeding into something to be thought about by many mothers. It shows how before breast-feeding was the default choice of nutrition, formula has taken a large portion of the market share. Pros and cons of each choice is presented.
From the Paper "Breast-feeding advocates around the world state that 1.5 million babies die each year from improper substitution of breast-feeding. That's a death every 21 seconds. Since the 1970"s, an international battle has raged over the marketing exploits of the baby food industry. With Nestle controlling 40% of the multi-billion dollar worldwide baby milk industry, they have been the most visible target of boycotts and legislation. However, after almost 30 years in the news, it seems that neither side has made any real progress. Nestle claims it adheres to international code and provides a very necessary product; breast-feeding advocates shout bloody murder and continue their campaign. How can this debate be resolved""
Abstract This paper examines the integration of Chilean, Brazilian, and Argentinean operations of the Andina Bottling Co.. The author focuses on the cost issues affecting the integration. The paper gives specific accounting ratios to understand the problems of this case.
From the Paper "With respect to operating costs, the most important variations between the Chilean, Brazilian and Argentinean operations of Andina Bottling Co are a) raw materials, b) distribution and c) cost --- group three assumed to reflect personnel costs. Total raw materials costs are somewhat higher in Argentina of net sales than they are in Chile; however, raw materials costs in Brazil are substantially higher than they are in Chile. Disposable bottle ..."
Abstract The paper considers the 2005 drought in Nigeria and its effects on the children of the country. The paper discusses how breast-feeding can improve the chances of infants' survival by confering natural immunities to the baby and avoiding the contaminated water and milk present in Africa. The paper then looks at the choice between breast-feeding or other substitutes in mothers infected with HIV. The paper shows how there needs to be an information and education campaign concerning breast-feeding, the HIV risks, as well as other methods of feeding infants in Africa.
From the Paper "Africa is considered to be one of the least developed areas in the world at the moment. Despite the fact that is represents one of the richest parts of the globe, it suffers from great shortage of food, water, and minimum decent life conditions. Nonetheless, the international community is either powerless, or unwilling to properly and successfully intervene in this continuous crisis. Although most of the population suffers from the lack of adequate resources for a decent life, these shortcomings are most visible at the young population especially infants."
Tags: breast-feeding, immunities, contamination, HIV
Abstract This paper examines the controversy regarding the use of feeding tubes at the end of life for terminal patients. The author presents the research from a nursing perspective. Additionally, the paper considers the questions of whether prolonging life with a feeding tube is in the best interest of the patient. The author includes an extensive literature review with regards to patients with dementia, cancer and other end of life issues and reviews what has been concluded about using feeding tubes at this stage. The writer also touches on the issue of living wills.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
References
From the Paper "The past few years have seen many controversial stories played out in the news regarding end of life feeding tubes and their use. Society lines up on both sides of the issue and hotly debate whether or not using a feeding tube at the end of one's life is something that should be done even if the patient is not capable of consenting. Meanwhile patients all over the nation languish between the two sides of the debate with their families trying to make the most humane and compassionate decision regarding the placement of a feeding tube into their loved one. Many studies have been conducted regarding the use of a feeding tube on a patient who is at the end of life with differing results. With a small risk in the actual placement of the tube the question centers around whether prolonging life with a feeding tube is really in the best interest of the patient. "
Abstract The paper discusses how artificial teats are used as alternatives when a mother is unable to breastfeed, or as a supplement to breastfeeding. The paper details how pacifiers, especially, are in widespread use all over the world. The paper discusses how sore nipples, milk insufficiency, tiredness and maternal depression are among the reasons for the use of artificial teats. The writer argues that despite pervasive use of artificial teats, there is little understanding of the effects produced by this practice on breastfeeding. In addition, there are contradictions within the research regarding the use of artificial teats.
From the Paper "The subject of this paper is the effects of breast-feeding on infant nutrition and development as compared to the effects of bottle feeding. The issue of breast-feeding versus bottle feeding has been greatly debated by scientists, pediatricians and parents. Determining the benefits of breast-feeding infants is critical in enabling parents to make an informative choice when deciding to breast-feed or bottle feed their infants. Some scientists have found that breast milk contains elements that provide greater immunity to infants than formula milk, thus preventing them from getting infections (Rosenblith, 1992, p. 169). Furthermore, there is a close association between maternal-infant bonding and breast-feeding (Rosenblith, 1992, p. 169). Breast-feeding requires constant intimate physical contact between the mother and infant. After birth, the mother needs the..."
Abstract This paper explains that water bottles, designed to hold water and any sort of liquid, come in a variety of shapes, sizes and even methods of use. The author points out that, while water bottles originally may have been developed for athletic purposes, they now have become both a fashion statement and a convenience item. The paper states that the water bottle as a cultural artifact is an important element of a greater cultural development called commoditization. The author suggests that, in analyzing the water bottle as a commodity and as a cultural relic, it is best to rely on a qualitative methodology, which will allow the researcher to approach this topic from an phenomenological perspective rather than a deterministic, quantitative perspective that might obscure the fact that actual people use water bottles in a myriad of ways and for a number of diverse purposes. The paper includes a colored picture of water bottles.
Table of Content:
Description
Substantial Analysis
Content
Formal Analysis
Deduction
Sensory Engagement
Intellectual Engagement
Emotional Response
Speculation
Theories & Hypothesis
Program of Research
From the Paper "The water bottle is a work of architecture as much as it is an item of convenience. In architecture, form and function are uniquely inter-related and in design related specialties that must pay attention to this relationship, how the designer melds these two attributes is critical to the final appearance and practicality of the item in question. For the water bottle, it can be seen that function follows form. The most important attribute of the typical water bottle is the manner in which it holds water and how easily it can be grasped by the human hand without any form of manual assistance in the form of another individual or a lifting device such as a strap or a handle."
Abstract The paper asserts that why bottled water has become such a successful product is truly a marketing mystery. The paper reveals that 40% of bottled water brands are just tap water! The paper then explains the conveniences involved in consuming bottled water. The paper discusses how the bottled water industry has a tremendous effect on fuel consumption. The paper maintains that we must create a cleaner environment by using water filters and similar alternatives to bottled water.
From the Paper "Why bottled water has become such a successful product is truly a marketing mystery. It may be because the water is packaged in a nice neat plastic container that makes consumers believe that it is from some "magical" source that is pure and unique, unlike the tap water they drink daily. In fact, studies have shown that tap water is much more pure than many brands of bottled water, exclusive of those that contain only tap water, which may be as many as 40% brands (Food and Water Watch, 2007). Furthermore, many consumers believe that this "magical" water has certain health benefits, which as of yet has not been proven."
Tags: tap, mineral, springs, purification, filters, plastics, pollution
Abstract This paper describes undisclosed bottled water contamination in America. The paper reports that most of the bottled water is not frequently checked, and that a small percent of it is unsafe for the public. It illustrates how the American public has been advertised into perceiving that bottled water is pure and clean. The author calls for the labeling of bottled water to disclosing the water source, treatments and other key information.
From the Paper "According to a four-year scientific study made recently public by Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) stated that the sales of bottled water in the United States have been blown up in recent years, mainly as a result of a public awareness of purity driven by advertisements and packaging labels featuring unspoiled glaciers and crystal-clear mountain springs. However, bottled water sold in the United States does not necessarily cleaner or safer than most tap water (NRDC)."
Abstract This paper explains that the plot of Nicholas Sparks' "Message in a Bottle" follows the true life story of Sparks' father. The author points out that this novel makes use of the leitmotif of a message in a bottle, which was thrown in the sea and left to the mercy of the waves and of chance. The paper relates that these love messages, written by Garret Blake to his deceased wife Catherine and put afloat in bottles contain the most important statements the author makes about love and trigger the further developments of the plot.
Outline:
Love in the Context of Life and Death in the Novel
The Leitmotif of the Message in a Bottle Thrown at Sea
Makes the Transition from the Old Love Story to the New Love Story
Forms the Lyrical Core of the Novel and Serves as a Confession of Love
Serves to Prove the Role that Chance Plays in Finding True Love
The Place of Love in Life
Lovers Often Use the Word "Forever" to Describe Their Love, Suggesting that Death is an Obstacle in the Course of Love
True Love Can Happen More Times during a Life- Span Due to Man's Inner Capacity to Love
Negative Criticism of the Novel
Loose, Unrealistic Plot
Tearjerker
Symbolic Meaning of the Novel
Love can be Destructive
Death and the Chances of Life Interfere with the Course of Love
True Love Seems to be Ill-Fated
Loss Happens Two Times in the Novel- Garret loses Catherine, then Theresa loses Garret.
Love has a Regenerating Power
Love can Happen after Loss
Novel's Circular Structure
Proof of the Regenerating Power of Love
From the Paper "The human capacity for loving is proven as unquenchable: love can follow again even after the deepest relationship, although this feeling may be frustrating, as we see in Garret's case who finds it very hard to accept the death of his wife and to love again. Thus, love, life and death appear are very much connected in the novel, revealing an essential fact about the human condition: life and love seem to be somewhat in conflict all through the human existence. Man is first of all given life to, and his life span is delimited by destiny."
