Abstract In this article, the writer notes that as forensic botany integrates deeper into the legal world, more controversy stirs on just how reliable the science is. The writer discusses that forensic botany can be used in the analysis of plant evidence found at a crime scene, and the findings of that analysis can then be used as corroborating evidence in a court of law. The writer looks at a case in which a sample of sunflower seeds was found at the scene of a crime, and another collected from the secondary crime scene; the suspect's home. The writer notes that in the analysis if these two samples, using statistical methods proves the data is similar, then the it is most likely the suspect has committed the crime. A difference was found in the seed samples, and the writer therefore maintains that the evidence can be used, in contrast, along with other corroborating evidence to exonerate the suspect. This paper includes charts.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "This method is used when there are different sets of data to be tested, therefore a general assumption must be made in the form of a null and alternative hypothesis. As previously stated, the null hypothesis assumes that the samples of data being analysed are the same. In terms of this case, that would mean that the suspect would have, indeed, committed the crime. In order to either prove or disprove this assumption, specific statistical tests were run, and yielded an opposing result. The t-values for the seed values are shown to be much larger than the critical t value of 1.981, as well as the p-values were much lower than 0.05. This indicated that the null hypothesis be rejected,lack of similarity, proving that the data was, in fact, different.
"Though the statistical tests give a clear verdict of the seed comparison, comparing the data visually would also suggest a significant difference in the samples as well. Sunflower seeds are used for many different purposes."
Abstract This paper will discuss the book "Letters from Yellowstone" by Diane Smith, and summarize the book that this author has created on botany. By realizing the sense of this novel, we can see how the story is told, and what it is about. Furthermore, we can get a synopsis of what the author is really trying to tell about this story that takes place in Montana.
From the Paper "The garden tulip was introduced into Western Europe from Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) in the 16th century and soon achieved great popularity. Interest in tulip growing mounted, especially in Holland, where it developed by 1634 into a craze called tulip mania. Wild speculation in tulip stock ensued, and enormous prices were paid for single bulbs. After many people had gone bankrupt, the crisis was ended by government regulation of the tulip trade. Tulip growing eventually became established as an important Dutch industry, and tulip bulbs are still a major export of the Netherlands. In the United States tulips are grown commercially in Michigan and Washington."
Abstract The Ginkgo Biloba tree is the oldest tree species known to man with fossil records date back to when dinosaurs roamed the earth. Today, the extract of the dried leaves is popular for use as a dietary supplement for the brain and heart. Ginkgo extract is thought to improve blood circulation and memory and prevent blood clotting. The leaves are also used as tea to soothe a variety of ailments. This paper gives a brief historical description including the characteristics of the Ginkgo tree that will detail the Ginkgo tree and its importance in today's society.
From the Paper "The Ginkgo tree is unique in many ways. It is so different from any other living tree that it must be classified in a separate order. The Ginkgo biloba probably no longer exists in a truly wild state. It has been found growing freely over some ten square miles near Changhua Hsien in the Chekiang province of China, but it is uncertain whether these trees are the remains of an ancient forest or not. It is a sacred tree in the Far East, where it is commonly planted in the grounds of temples and palaces. In some of the grounds of the temples there are specimens that are said to be over 1,000 years old. It's preservation in China, Korea, Manchuria, and Japan is probably due to the interest taken in it by the Buddhist priests whose interest in the tree saved it from becoming extinct."
Abstract A humorous and entertaining essay on home plant care. The author touches on several ways one can ensure the death of plants.
From the Paper "As most everyone knows, the death of a house plant is a common occurrence. Many of us have experienced this loss, although some more often than others. While ignorance can be claimed in most cases, there are some of us who purchase houseplants with the soul intention of killing them."
Abstract This paper presents a series of laboratory experiments which determined first that the rate of photosynthesis is proportional to the light intensity lit on the subject. Second, it shows how the light-independent reactions were dependent on the ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to form glucose.
From the Paper "The most important source of energy for life on earth, photosynthesis is a process that we all rely on for our survival. In the cycle of life, oxygen is used by aerobic respiration and carbon dioxide is produced, which in turn is used in photosynthesis to produce oxygen and start the cycle over again. The two stages of photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions, are very different in their processes. In the following experiments we will study their relationship as well as the rate in which they produce oxygen. Using leaf discs with out oxygen, we will measure the amount of time it takes for these leaf discs to photosynthetically produce oxygen from water under varying light intensity. Our findings will show that the rate of oxygen production is proportional to the light intensity. Secondly, we will prove that the light-independent stage of photosynthesis is reliant on products from the light-dependent reactions in order to produce glucose. Our findings in both procedures will tell us much about the reactions in photosynthesis and the specific variables needed for its success."
Abstract This paper examines the book "Cape Cod" by Henry Davis Thoreau which recounts his experiences on walking excursions around Cape Cod during the mid 1800's in which he described much about the unspoiled nature present throughout the Cape at that time. It evaluates his perceptions of ecology and the environment through his observations, by the way he describes the plant and animal life of the area as well as his experiences with the fisherman. It concludes with how Theoreau might have been another Charles Darwin if he had the studied zoology or botany rigorously, instead of simply celebrating the differences.
From the Paper "Throughout the book, Thoreau notes things that we would celebrate today, such as exceptionally clean water. He describes swimming in such water with great delight, and comments on the fish he can see clearly swimming around his feet. This suggests that fish were more bountiful then than now, as well as the water cleaner. He also notes the thorn-apple growing around the edges of a small island, suggesting an ecological balance, with the plant helping fight the erosion of the little island."
Tags: ecology, environment, fisherman, animals, plants, water, trees
Abstract This paper discusses the life of Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, born in 1793, who dedicated her life to the teaching of science. She grew up in a large family where learning was essential. Later she became an influential science educator whose work as both teacher and author, especially in introducing science into the curriculum of women's schools, entitled her to a prominent position in science education's history. The paper shows that, in addition, she became a strong supporter of women's position in science in her era. Almira Phelps led a life of educating women in the sciences.
From the Paper "Later, Almira became fascinated with the courses in science taught by Amos Eaton at the Albany Institute. Eaton became a major influence in Almira's dedication to the sciences. From classes Almira was permitted to take from Eaton in chemistry, botany, and natural philosophy, she obtained the knowledge necessary to teach these same classes back at the Troy female seminary. She made science a popular subject among the women enrolled at the seminary."
Abstract This paper explains that Lewis and Clark were not the first explorers to cross North America by land, but the Lewis and Clark expedition was monumental because President Thomas Jefferson arranged the journey, the expectations of the expedition, the members of the Corps of Discovery and the overall achievements. The author points out that some of the major achievements were knowledge gained about the Western lands through the maps of rivers, mountains and terrain, the discovery of almost 400 new species of plants and animals and the strengthening of the American claims on the territories of the West. The paper relates that not only are the names of Lewis and Clark famous from this expedition but also the names of York, a black slave, and Sacagawea, an Indian woman.
Outline
I. Why Jefferson wanted the West
A. It was a really long distance to travel
B. States allowed access to Louisiana
1. Louisiana obtained through Louisiana purchase
2. New Orleans had access to world through port
C. Land important status symbol
1. Jefferson and Washington both Virginia land owners
D. Vision of coast to coast land united
II. Preparing for the Expedition
A. Earlier explorer had made the journey
B. Congress made decision
1. Expedition would have twelve men
2. Would have budget of $2500
C. Group would need wide knowledge
1. Botany 2. Geology
3. Wildlife
4. Mapping terrain
III. Establishment of group
A. Dubbed "The Corp of Discovery"
B. Jefferson elected Captain Meriwether Lewis
C. Clark elected partner William Clark
D. Clark brought Black slave York
E. Joined later by Native American woman Sacagawea
F. Only member to die on trip was Sergeant Charles Floyd
IV. The Journey
A. Began May 14 from Camp Dubois
B. Followed Missouri River
C. Camped at Fort Mandan for first winter
D. Traveled west, crossed Rocky Mountains
E. Reached West coast in December 1805
F. Spent second winter at Fort Clatsop
G. Back home September 1806
V. Achievements
A. Knowledge of West
1. Rivers
2. Mountains
3. Terrain
B. New Species
1. Plants
2. Animals
C. Paved way for American expansion
1. Fur trade
2. Naive American contact
3. Claims on Western territories
D. Would guide Pioneers on part of Oregon Trail
E. Social Achievement through voting
1. Black slave
2. Native American woman
VI. Conclusion
From the Paper "The expedition would eventually be called the Corps of Discovery, and would have between thirty and forty members in total. Jefferson himself selected the leader for the group, a captain named Meriwether Lewis. Lewis was allowed to select his own partner, and chose William Clark. An interesting fact about Clark is that although he was known by the other members of the expedition, as well as by many history books, as a captain, he was in fact only a Lieutenant, apparently because of delays in Army paperwork. Also on the mission was York, who was the Black slave of Clark. Later on the journey, they would be joined by a Native American woman names Sacagawea, who was of the Shoshone/Hidasta tribe."
Abstract The writer of this paper examines the ethical and moral aspects surrounding cloning and genetic engineering, while also pondering the various reasons for this particular form of science. This paper delves into the legalities surrounding genetic engineering by discussing the current patent laws regarding DNA and genetic findings. This paper also explores the various types of genetic research currently being done, which according to the writer, has no practical use in science, by creating living organisms that are neither animals nor plants. According to published reports, pigs implanted with spinach have been created by Japanese scientists. The report mentioned that it was the first plant gene to be inserted into any animal.
From the Paper "The types of animals and products that are being discovered now often seem to have no direction and soon a day may come when individuals will be developing items to satisfy their own personal idiosyncrasies, somewhat similar to the creation of computer viruses, or virus attacks. This is seen in the creation of a virus accidentally by an Australian group. This kills every one of its victims through the method of removing the immune systems of the group involved in the attack. The virus that has been created is a mouse-pox, and does not affect humans though it is similar to smallpox. This is similar to technologies that can be used for terrorist activities. Originally the developers had no intention of preparing a virus, but they wanted to make a contraceptive vaccine for pest control for mice. For creation of a contraceptive vaccine for mice, the group was trying to stir up the antibodies against the eggs of mice and thus make them infertile."
Abstract This paper gives an account of the life of Leonardo Da Vinci, most famous for his paintings the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper". A description of Da Vinci's beginnings is included as well as his rise in the art circle in Italy. The author also notes that although Da Vinci had a prominent career as an artist, he created a lasting impact on more than just the art world. Da Vinci was also actively researching on topics such as botany, anatomy, medicine and architecture. In closing, the paper describes Da Vinci as a forerunner to many new areas of study and was a vital contributor to the development of modern science and technology.
From the Paper "Leonardo Da Vinci, born in the Vinci region of Florence on April 15, 1452, came from modest beginnings. The illegitimate son of Piero Da Vinci, a notary, and Caterina, a peasant woman, little is known about his early years. It is not surprising, however, that Da Vinci's propensity for the arts and sciences was nurtured and able to flourish in Renaissance Italy. Tuscany, the area surrounding Florence, produced the great minds of Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, and Niccolo Machiavelli, and was a center of Italian culture throughout the Middle Ages."
