Abstract
This paper explains that the exotic new plant species brought back from the many 18th century global scientific explorations created an interest by men and women in landscape gardening and gardening magazines. The author points out that the botanical illustrations originated as a help to Carolus Linnaeus' classification system, which greatly influenced the botanical art (also called linnaean art) of the era, and soon became very popular, appearing in garden magazines along with cultivation instructions and even as textile prints. The paper compares the similarities of the work of Claude Aubriet (1665-1742), the first botanical artist to be part of an expedition, with commercial textiles, noting that in both examples all the 'working parts' of the plants are depicted.

From the Paper
"A president of the Royal Society subsequent to Sloane, Sir Joseph Banks, was one of the most powerful men in the British scientific community at the time, and he commissioned or caused to be published significant numbers of botanical illustrations that would have influenced both artists in other genres and the public, still hungry for information about exotic plants. Banks was also unofficial director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, giving him yet another platform from which to influence the public taste. Banks himself had sailed with Captain Cook on the first of Cook's voyages around the world in 1768."

Tags:cataloguing, banks, women, linnaean, collecting

Abstract
The paper describes how the dragonfly larva stands as a predator able to capture and eat many small insects. The paper explains that in this system, dragonfly larva eating stickleback fish can be seen as the energy flow link and the stickleback fish eating daphnia as the nutrients flow link. The paper relates that the dragonfly larva is also called the nymph, and dragonfly nymphs are predators that feed primarily on other insects in the water, though they can be cannibals and eat each other.

From the Paper
"In the ecosystem under discussion, at the UBC Botanical Gardens, the dragonfly larva stands as a predator able to capture and eat many small insects. In this system, dragonfly larva eating stickleback fish can be seen as the energy flow link and the stickleback fish eating daphnia as the nutrients flow link. The dragonfly larva is also called the nymph, and dragonfly nymphs are predators that feed primarily on other insects in the water, though they can be cannibals and eat each other. The insect can capture its food with a toothed lower lip (labium) that is usually folded under the head, and the creature can shoot out this lower lip to grab its prey much faster than most prey can react, then pulling the lip back for..."

Tags:ecosystem, predation, dragonfly

From the Paper
"ETHICAL CONCERNS WITH ADVERTISING IN THE BEAUTY INDUSTRY
Problem Statement
The "beauty" industry is comprised of multiple and somewhat diverse players. Included in this industry are cosmetics, nutritional beauty products, the purveyors of products and services designed to improve appearance (exercise machines, hair pieces, consulting services, cosmeticians, and even physicians), and many others.

The cosmetics segment of the beauty industry produces and markets both cosmetics and toiletries?personal care goods (Royce, 1994). Cosmetics are by and large discretionary products. Thus, retail sales are heavily influenced by both advertising and new product introductions). Product differentiation through advertising is essential in the .."

Abstract
The paper's thesis states that preservation and efficient management of the rain forest's botanical, cultural and therapeutic resources is the key to a healthier life and a better world. On this basis, the paper reviews the book "Tale of a Shaman's Apprentice" by Mark J. Plotkin, in which he demonstrates the urgent need to cease the rapid environmental destruction increasing at an alarming pace. The paper shows that by describing the reactions of medicinal plants of the rain forests on the human body and outlining the various classifications of forest plants, Plotkin has successfully managed to accomplish his aim of spreading the much-needed awareness regarding the protection, preservation and management of the rain forests spread world wide and the need to take care of and conduct research of the fragile cultures that inhabit these forests. The paper discusses how this captivating book highlights the importance of the Amazonian forests by describing in detail their diverse and unique botanical power and the availability of the majority of the insects and other animals in various regions of the Amazon jungles. It shows, too, how Plotkin also puts emphasis on the botanical wisdom of the shamans of the Amazonian forests.

From the Paper
"Examining and exploring the characteristics, distribution, origins and classification of the plant life of a region is the primary concern of an ethno botanist. Since Plotkin was the principal ethno botanist, his job status demanded exploration of rain forests for the betterment of human kind. Hence, to hunt down shamans who are well aware of medical treatments done though the plants, were the basic requirements of his work. However, this was not the only reason as the author suggests in his book. He was intrigued by plant life and it all started on a September night lecture in 1974 at Harvard University (Plotkin: 2) that ignited a spark in the thirsty soul and made him discover the wonders of the Amazonian ever developing plant life and the cures that the medicine experts in the rain forests of the Amazon exposed (Plotkin: 3). For the same reason, he chose the particular plant life of the Amazon areas to study and learn, how to ameliorate the contemporary world and the ensuing deadly ailments with the advancement of industry and science."

Tags:Guyana, Suriname, Indians, medicine, man

Abstract
This paper discusses an aquatic ecosystem located in a botanical garden in which dragonfly larva eat stickleback fish, which eat daphnia. The author describes the dragonfly larva, the stickleback fish and the daphnia and points out that the actions of these three entities in this aquatic ecosystem transfer nutrients into energy as they move through the food chain. The author concludes that the presence of predators has an effect on the morphology of each of the species and any changes in their behavior affects the environment as a whole.

From the Paper
"A study by Arnqvist and Johansson (1998) considers ways in which the dragonfly larva may show the effects of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, meaning that the form of the insect based on environmental considerations, one of which is the action of predator-induced defenses in prey. Predation is known to affect the phenotypic expression of a wide range of traits in a way that reduces the impact of predation. Most studies have examined traits that exhibit switched plasticity and usually do not examine the ontogenetic growth trajectories of defense structures."

Tags:predator, adaptive phenotypic plasticity, ontogenetic nymphs crustaceans

Abstract
This paper presents a grant proposal or funding request for a project studying Phytoestrogen and prevention of menopausal symptoms in women. The grant application will be submitted to The University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institute of Health, Center for Botanical Dietary Supplement Research in Women's Health.

Abstract
The paper proposes solutions that will generate revenue and expand operations at the New York City Arboretum. The paper discusses donation fees for admission and parking, fees for the tram transportation service, attracting more visitors by employing additional scientists and staff and aggressive advertising. The paper relates that the Arboretum has to change its scope and mission by expanding botanical research and providing sufficient up-to-date research for college students.

Outline:
Alternative Solutions
Pros and Cons of the Alternative Solution
Overall Recommendations for the New York City Arboretum

From the Paper
"The New York Arboretum was founded in the mid 1800s and situated across a 250-acre strip of land. The Arboretum was "founded by two French Huguenot brothers named Lorillard" (Soderstrom, 2001, p. 87), it displays botanical and educational research and has the largest botanical library in North America. In the upcoming years, the Arboretum delved into some key issues that needed to be changed in order to keep up its operations. The Arboretum needed to generate additional revenue, find greater initiatives to attract more visitors and employees and change its scope and mission."

Tags:expansion, research, fees, profits, visitors

Abstract
This paper studies the genetic engineering process of cloning. The paper opens with a discussion about genetics and the author's assertion that cloning humans will happen in the near future. Next, the paper studies the process of cloning, which naturally occurs botanically. The paper then turns to cloning among animals and -- ultimately -- human beings. After an analysis of recombinant-DNA formation, the paper concludes with a review of the debate over the morality of cloning.

Table of Contents
I. Introduction
A. Background
1. What genetics and genetic engineering are.
2. Why cloning is tantalized.
B. Thesis Statement
II. Body
A. Cloning in Nature
1. Primary and Supplementary
2. Other examples from Nature
B. Artificial Techniques
1. For Plants
2. In Horticulture
C. Types and Techniques of Cloning
1. Molecular
2. Myths
3. Recombinant-DNA Formation
D. History of Cloning
1. From Spemann to
2. Japan
E. Moral Issues: The Controversy
1. For and Against
III. Conclusion
A. Brief Summary
B. Cloning has been going on for a long time, while cloning humans may seem very futuristic, it will happen in the near future.
IV. Appendices: Graphs
V. Annotated Bibliography
VI. Works Cited

From the Paper
"Some examples of cloning from nature are the primary reproductive mode and supplementary reproductive mode. The primary reproductive mode occurs in species whose reproduction is strictly asexual; each population consists of one or more clones, depending on the number of individuals in the colony there was to start. Such species include all bacteria and blue-green bacteria, most protozoans, algae, some yeast, and even some higher plants and animals, such as dandelions and flatworms. Supplementary reproductive mode occurs in some algae, which reproduce sexually and asexually. Those individuals formed by asexual reproduction, called zoospores constitute a clone. In the club mosses and some higher plants, a runner, or stem, grows horizontally along the surface of the soil and at intervals produces roots and upright stalks. When the sections of stem between stalks disintegrate, the separated individuals constitute a clone."

Tags:sheep, dolly, plant, dna, recombinant, reproduction

Abstract
"This paper discusses the taxonomy of Tulipa species, its origins, its structure, its means of reproducing, both sexually and asexually, and the conditions it requires in order to succeed. The function of each part of the plant is also discussed, as well as the growth cycle from bulb to leafy growth, flowering and setting seed. The relatively long time span from seed to productive plant is also discussed."

From the Paper
"Tulipa tulipa, the beloved spring flower, has been hybridized from its wild ancestors into a complex spectrum of species and cultivars. The genus Tulipa falls under the Phylum Magnoliophyta, the Class Liliopsida, the Order Liliales, and the Family Liliaceae, thus sharing its characteristics to some extent with lilies and onions. All are geophytic plants (literally earth plants) with an underground, multi-layered structure that nourishes and sustains the organism. The word Tulipa is derived from the Turkish word tulpend or tulbend, meaning "turban," which the flowers somewhat resemble (Pavord, 1999, pp. 4-5). Wild tulips are indigenous to Persia and Central Asia, in a range that extends to Portugal on the west and China and Japan on the east."

Tags:tulip, botanical, lifecycle

Abstract
This paper examines the historical, social and environmental influences that determined the make up of the Japanese garden and how the traditional Japanese garden translates into the Japanese garden prevalent in the United States today.

From the Paper
"The Chinese brought in Confucianism, Buddhism, and Zen. The relationship between nature and human construction became "fused more in the days of mountain Buddhism, during the 9th-12th century." The word Shinto comes "from the Chinese Shentao, which means the mystic rules of nature and/or the path leading to a grave." The Japanese found proper place in the Confucian classics they inherited from China, and their notions of "purity" in the rituals of the indigenous Shinto religion." Shinto, the worship of nature, has influenced how Japanese relate to nature. There is sacredness in everything. This Shinto concept translates to Japanese people not changing the balance of aesthetics, which reinforces proper place ideology.
One of the Ancient Age periods--the Heian, began with the transfer of the capital to Kyoto in 794 and the period lasted till 1185. The Heian period explored creativity beyond the realm of religion. Gardens were in many nobles' homes plus the imperial palace, and they had a certain look, a shinden-style, which the Sakuteiki manual formalized.. During the Heian period the nobles built pleasure gardens, strolling gardens, and architectural monuments such as the Golden Pavillion, Kinkaku, in Rokuon-ji, Kyoto."

Tags:Shinto, Zen, Heian, Muromachi, medieval, Teizoden, botanical