Abstract
This paper begins by providing an introduction and overview of the Bosnia-Herzegovina crisis. It then examines the Dayton Peace Accords and discusses what the role of the Accords was meant to be, the aims and purposes, and, finally, why the Accords failed.

From the Paper
"The conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina stems from the hostility between peoples united by territory, heritage, and language, yet divided by religion. The proponents of the war are the Orthodox, Catholics and Muslims who share the territory of Yugoslavia. After World War I, the United States, Britain, and France established new territorial boundaries of the remnants of the war during the Versailles Conference of 1919. The conference resulted in the combining of the former members of the Austro-Hungarian Empire: Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with Montenegro and Serbia. This formed of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, or "land of the South Slavs." "

Tags:slav, Slobodan, Milosevic, ethnic, cleansing

Abstract
This paper takes a historical look at the nations of Poland and Bosnia-Herzegovina and compares and contrasts their societies and economic systems. The paper discusses both their similarities and their differences, examining their social and economic structure in both the post-communist era as well as the medieval era.

From the Paper
"The culture area or geographic region within which the human population shares similar culture traits, patterns of cultural ecology and a similar ways of life for Poland and Bosnia-Herzegovina have perhaps only one common political thread, post communism. Each society's cultural traits include many of the same desires felt in western countries that have material form, a recognized function, or an acknowledged value to their culturally related group. None of the foregoing functions independently; rather, each influences others in such universal cultural institutions as religion, political and economic systems, and those means by which a society attempts to maintain internal stability, defends itself against real or perceived threats, and sustains itself through the use of material environmental resources. Bosnia-Herzegovina is a society of two: Muslims and Croats. Their economy struggling out of the quagmire of civil war. Poland on the other hand, began its parliamentary democracy in 1989 pulling its economy, not from civil unrest, but near bankruptcy."

Tags:pluralism, political, force, balkan, yugoslavia, civil, war, serbia, montenegro, croatia, sarajevo

Abstract
The challenges facing the war crimes tribunals in Bosnia are examined in this paper. The writer discusses these tribunals, established under the Dayton Accords, and presents their analysis as an example of the problems facing war crimes tribunals. The writer also examines the concept of ethnic cleansing.

From the Paper
"... the fragmentation of the former Yugoslav Federation led to an outbreak of civil warfare and ethnic violence in the Balkans particularly in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Concentration camps, mass murders, mass expulsions and other indicators of genocide became widespread and the term ethnic cleansing was added to the century's lexicon of horrors. The international ...

Tags:bosnia, herzegovina, dayton, war, crimes, tribunals, ethnic, cleansing, human, rights, enforcement, ethnic, cleansing

Abstract
This paper offers an examination of ethnic conflict, seeking to analyze the causes of such conflict escalation and provide a conceptual framework for understanding how different factors combine to give a violent outcome. The paper explains that, since 1945, almost 15 million people have been killed in conflicts involving ethnic violence. The paper describes several competing theories that explain the occurrence of ethnic conflict, including the primordialist approach, the institutional approach, the political entrepreneurs approach, and competition over resources. The paper poses two hypotheses which it applies to Bosnia - heterogeneous societies tend to have violent conflicts; and the politicization of ethnicity leads to high levels of violence. The paper concludes that the Bosnian case requires further study in order to implement a policy that integrates both groups; then, it can be said that the conflict has been fully resolved.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Thesis Paragraph
Literature Review
Methodology
Discussion: Case Study
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"The breakup of Yugoslavia is a classic example of manipulated nationalism in a region where peace has historically prevailed more than war, and in which a quarter of the population were inter-ethnically married. The chaos within Bosnia was seen as an opportunity for gaining power and the first to get hold of the opportunity of uncertainty were the political entrepreneurs. Nationalist leaders used the rhetoric of "us" being exploited by "them". Slobodan Milosevic and his "war policy" was the central player in aggravating ethnic conflict. The war in Bosnia was elite-led conflict, as Kaufman states (Roe, 1999, p.189). Political entrepreneurs made use of the media to provoke ethnic hatred in former Yugoslavia. Indeed, it was a widespread authoritarian political culture in all regions of former Yugoslavia that made possible for nationalist leaders to monopolize the press and to increase the level of intolerance."

Tags:war, slavic, herzegovina

From the Paper
"These days many people are saying that the United Nations is overburdened and powerless. At the heart of this crisis is the sudden expansion of UN involvement in hot-spots across the globe, coupled with a growing number of embarrassing failures in the international arena.


This research examines the relative degree of success or failure of the United Nations in its missions to keep the peace and ensure the protection of basic human rights. The ability of the UN to meet these objectives will be highlighted by the organization's activities in four countries in particular: Kampuchea; Somalia; Bosnia-Herzegovina; and Haiti. The reasons behind UN successes and failures will be scrutinized, and ways in which the United Nations could optimize its performance will he discussed."

Abstract
This paper investigates how the conflict in Bosnia has impacted the existing elderly population that has been affected by the war. This paper achieves this goal through investigating the impact of globalization, the demographics of the region, the competition for funds, and the anti- discriminatory policies that have been put into place to protect the rights of the elderly in this region.

Abstract
The paper states that whether a war that is being fought is a civil war, or a war between two or more countries, war impacts those people located where the war is being conducted who are not necessarily of a political or socio-economic ideology which forms the basis of the war. The paper notes that the population directly impacted by the actions of war are not the political or economic elite who go to war for motives of self-interest. Rather, these people, soldiers and civilians, are people whose lives will not realize direct benefits from the outcome of the war, but who will, nonetheless, suffer the action of war. This paper examines the impact of war on those people and attempts an examination of the impacts of war on non-governing forces.

Outline:
Bosnia Herzegovina
Africa

From the Paper
"During that early historical period, there was little that caused conflict between those various groups. That changed in the nineteenth century, when local and regional identities began emerging and indicators of nationalism began being evidenced (Friedman, 2004). However, going into the twentieth century, the nationalism of the cultural identities was subordinated to the governing forces, leading up to the post World War II Communist Soviet Union (Friedman, 2004). This is a recurring underlying similarity in those countries and regions experiencing war today, even when the subordinating authority is not the Soviet Union, there is a governing force that once it withdraws and the country achieves independence, violence ensues in a free for all grab for power and governance."

Tags:affairs, atrocities, devastated, ethnic, cleansing, ferocity, internecine, violence

Abstract
This paper discusses the need to examine genocides and create dialogues about them, focusing in particular on Hitler's Holocaust. The paper concludes that to learn the lessons of history, and avoid modern day ethnic cleansing campaigns such as in Bosnia Herzegovina, we must broaden the scope of our consideration of the lessons and impact of the Holocaust to address the cultural defects of our society, as opposed to a specific ethnic group.

From the Paper
"Nineteenth century European colonialism is the source of genocide, because it is a market driven mentality that seeks to expand and justifies the murder of ethnicities for the very reason of an ideology that supports an expansionist mentality. Novick observed that the dynamics of the capitalist mentality that Lindqvist and Doubt observed was the manifestation of the means by which we all are mired in a social dynamic in the twentieth century where the ideology of expansion which justified murder of another ethnicity had transformed into a mentality of expansion that sought to subjugate others not for the sake of land expansion but for the sake of social domination."

Tags:morality, ethnic cleansing, society race

Abstract
The paper examines the modern history of genocide and international human rights crises, namely, the ethnic cleansing in Rwanda, Bosnia and Germany during World War II. The paper then attempts to show how the use of military and economic force would have prevented the genocide, and how the United Nations essentially failed Rwanda and Bosnia. The paper explores current international human rights issues, including Iran and Darfur, and how the united Nations can deal with them effectively. The paper concludes that force is necessary to stop violation of the genocide convention, to uphold human rights and to maintain balance in the international order. The paper uses the MLA style footnotes but does not include a works cited page.

Outline:
Introduction
History of Failure to Maintain Human Rights
Background of International Human Rights Implementation
Current Issues/Cases Dealing with Human Rights
Analysis of Force as Means of Successful Implementation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The inception of the United Nations Genocide Convention revealed an international alliance of fifty-four countries that would take a stand against the massacre of any specific nationality, race, or culture. This opposition to violent regimes and government forces was vital to the struggle for human rights. Throughout the past century, there have been millions of lives lost in genocides around the world. Because of the appalling number of murders resulting from genocide, the majority of all of the countries in the world have allied with the general goal of stopping genocide. It is evident that force is necessary to stop violation of the genocide convention, to uphold human rights, and to maintain balance in the international order."

Tags:genocide, massacres, Rwanda, Holocaust, Bosnia, Herzegovina, United, Nations

Abstract
This paper gives background information on the ethnic conflict that has existed for centuries in both Yugoslavia and Chechnya and then looks at how that ethnic conflict has affected each region. The paper compares the different reasons behind the conflicts in each region, the severity of the conflicts, and their political consequences.

From the Paper
"Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, conflict in Eastern Europe has been grounded largely in ethnic, rather than political, differences. Two key examples are the wars and subsequent atrocities in Yugoslavia between 1991 and 2000 and the war between Russia and Chechnya of 1994-1996. In both cases discrimination, whether perceived or actual, solidified ethnic identity and led to violent conflict, a sovereign ethnic state being the goal."

Tags:civil, wars, serb, croat, muslim, tito, bosnia-herzegovina, kosovo, chechen-russian, kazakhstan, break-up, soviet, union