Abstract
This paper analyzes how Alex is sent to Borstal and punished, after which he is returned to society essentially no better than before. Alex is given a choice and chooses the brainwashing that allows him to be returned to society, supposedly a better person. The writer explains that Burgess affirms in this novel, is the power of the human spirit and the belief that we have to respect that spirit even when it is anti-social.

From the Paper
"Anthony Burgess in A Clockwork Orange looks to the near future and extrapolates from his own time to one where many young people have become urban marauders, taking out their frustrations in violence and living completely amoral lives. Alex tells his own story as well, doing so in the cynical pseudo-language of his generation. Burgess uses the issue of "free will" and the way human beings prize it as a way of taking the reader from his or her contemporary world to the fictional world of the future."

Tags:society, borstal, brainwashing, Ludovico

Abstract
This paper discusses how, during the nineteenth century, the modern prison began to form and how the death penalty was seen as inappropriate for many crimes and as such the state prison was offered as an alternative. It looks at how, as the twentieth century progressed, prison became the overall accepted method of dealing with criminals and extensions of the prison system came to include borstals and open prisons.


Outline:
History of the Modern Prison
The reason for Prison in Society
Overcrowding in Prison
Life in Prison
Masculinity and Crime
Dynamics of Conflict Fear and Power
Treatment of Inmates
The lack of Emotional Facilities and Training
Suicide in Prison
The Rights of the Prisoner

From the Paper
"From its earliest conception, prison has been seen as a method of punishing those who commit crime (Walker, 1968). This formed the foundation of theoretical thinking on the subject. However, during the twentieth century many thinkers called this fundamental way of thinking into doubt by placing added onus on the issue of rehabilitation (Walker, 1968). However, it has been realised that in order to successfully rehabilitate those incarcerated for a crime, it is necessary to fully understand the role violence plays in prison life. Moreover, it has been categorically shown that there exists a clear and definable link between prison-based violence and masculinity (Schultz, 2007). The primary problem is that there exists a peculiar contradiction within the prison system. "

Tags:suicide, death, penalty, rights, inmates, violence

Abstract
This paper examines the so-called evolution of the concept of "juvenile delinquency" in late Victorian England. The object of the paper is to show that the notion of youth crime was considerably altered during this period--and has served as an exemplar of present-day systems.

From the Paper
"The notion that juvenile delinquency in particular and crimes committed by child and adolescents in general were separate from crimes committed by adults is considered a recent construct. In fact it was not until the first half of the the 19th century in England that such a notion first came about. A corollary to this was the idea that these types of crimes and criminals should be treated differently from hardened adult criminals..."

Tags:juvenile, delinquency, Victorian, England, birching, reformatory, Borstal, Gladstone, Committee