Abstract
The paper discusses borrowing versus independent invention as explanation of dramatic features of early civilizations, such as writing systems or the pyramids of Egypt and Mexico. The paper argues that the great weight of evidence and probability favors independent development of the major features of ancient civilizations.

From the Paper
"The great early civilizations exert a continuing fascination. Their physical monuments often still imposing after thousands of years set these civilizations off from other early societies and testify to their ability to harness human energy in all its forms and on an enormous scale. Sometimes we sense a haunting similarity among these achievements; pyramids, states and laws, the first writing systems. A widespread belief has developed supported by popular speculative writers, though largely rejected by professional archeologists and historians, that these..."

Tags:civilization, invention, China, Egypt, mesopotamia, egypt, mesoamerica, pyramids, law, writing, chariot, empire

Abstract
This paper explains that, in today's world of information, it is very common for borrowed words, such as Japanese "sushi" or American-English "supermarket", to be adopted as a part of the lexicon of several languages. Every language, the author explains, borrows words because of either the lack of lexical items in the recipient language or the desire for prestige of the dominant donor language. The paper describes and analyzes the Thai language for linguistic features such as not only lexical borrowed items but also certain sound patterns, morphemes, syntactic structures, semantic meanings and orthography.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Lexical Borrowing in Thai
Table: Some Characteristics of Thai Lexicon
Phonological Borrowing
Figure: Two-Way Models of Phonological Borrowing
Morphological Borrowing
Syntactic Borrowing
Semantic Borrowing
Orthographic Borrowing
Figure: Thai Consonant Symbols
Figure: Thai Vowel Symbols
Figure: Thai Tone Marks
Figure: Thai Special Diacritics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As I have introduced earlier, when words are borrowed, the pronunciation also changes. It is remodeled to the conventions of the borrowing language; this process is called by Campbell "adaptation", a foreign sound in borrowed words which does not exist in the receiving language will be replaced by the nearest phonetic equivalent to it in the borrowing language. In the case of Thai language, we can obviously see that a lot of foreign loanwords in Thai have gone through the adaptation process. And there are several results come out of the process."

Tags:dominant monosyllabic morphemes phonological, syntactic structures

From the Paper
"Paul Monette, in Borrowed Time: an AIDS Memoir, writes about the last nineteen months of his lover Roger Horwitz's life, after Roger was stricken with AIDS. This study will focus on the love between the two men, rather than on the terrible disease which brought their relationship to an end on this earth. The book can certainly be read as simply another work about AIDS, but when one sees first that the author is writing out of a focus on love for Roger and for their time together rather than out of a focus on the disease which tore them apart and killed Roger.

Of course, it is especially difficult to focus on the love when so much that goes on between Paul and Roger has to do with the disease and its effects. This is especially true when the reader realizes that the book's beginning and end refer to the fact that the author himself is carrying the virus that killed.."

Tags:BOOK, REVIEWS, (NON-FICTION)

From the Paper
"n Borrowed Time: an AIDS Memoir, Paul Monette grounds his political and ethical arguments in a profoundly personal and painful story about the last year and a half of the life of his lover Roger Horwitz, after Roger is stricken with AIDS. The love of the two men for one another, and the suffering they endure together and separately, are the cornerstones of the author's efforts to expose the political and ethical realities of the wider, social, and global struggle against AIDS.

Monette clearly knows that human beings as individuals and in groups are moved to political action not by a recitation of ethical theory or statistical analysis but rather by emotional involvement, by compassion and empathy. He knows, and demonstrates in this book, that the injustices involved with the AIDS crisis can be expressed best through personalizing the..."

Tags:disease, book, review

Abstract
This paper refers to Marcel Danesi and others who study phonology in relation to linguistics on loanwords and borrowing between English and Chinese (both Mandarin and Cantonese are mentioned as examples). The paper discusses the results of loanwords when they are adopted, the borrowing for a purpose, ease, or by acquired habit and the integration of adaptations creating new dialects in some cases.

From the Paper
"English and the Chinese languages of Mandarin and Cantonese have long histories of borrowing words from other languages as discussed by Marcel Danesi, particularly, in cases of `necessary' loanwords when there is no conceptual equivalent. (2008:133) Other borrowing occurs when a speaker employs a term from a second language to avoid the effort of explaining a meaning. The history of English abounds in adaptations of words borrowed from Latin, French and Greek including the French that was spoken by the Normans who invaded the British Isles from northwestern France in 1066."

Tags:danesi, loanwords, phono linguistics

Abstract
This paper includes a discussion of credit cards, auto and mortgage loans, and education loans.

Abstract
This paper studies the family members and dynamics in two American novels about marooned families. The paper compares the personalities and character traits of the matriarchs and patriarchs, as well as the children. Another similarity discussed is the scenes in which the families are forced to venture into unknown territory in order to survive. The paper also illustrates how both books reinforce the traditional values of the nuclear family. In fact, the paper concludes that the most important lesson from these books is that the family will pull together to surmount obstacles and to counteract adversity.

From the Paper
"The Robinsons reached their unlikely new home when they were shipwrecked on their way to settle in a place that was not their home. We are not told how the Borrowers came to be living under the floor, but we do find out that at one time there was a colony of Borrowers, some of whom were extended family, living in the same house. Both environments require the participation of both mother and father to survive. In both, the father leaves the home every day to obtain the things necessary for survival. In both, the mothers stay home and prepare meals, provide clothing and keep the home comfortable and clean. In both, the home - no matter how undesirably located - is a haven for the family, the place where they feel safe and where they enjoy each other's company."

Tags:marroon, shipwreck, island, survival, parents, children

Abstract
The paper discusses in great detail the evolution of the Roman theater, beginning from the Greek wooden origins to the stone monuments that became iconic with Roman architecture during the Republic and the Empire. A brief history of theater is discussed in the beginning of the paper, with special attention given to the religious implications of how theaters were originally set up. The importance of the orchestra and "skene" are given historical background, dating back to early Dionysian worship. The layout of the early Greek theaters are discussed, with a complete layout included that describes the circular performance area, the seating arrangements, background adjustments and a rudimentary stage. The rest of the paper deals with how the Romans, eager to take the art of theater from being a religious practice to more of an entertainment value for the masses, incorporated their own unique designs to the Greek theater layout to create a more efficient and clearly Roman design. Heavy attention is give to Vitruvius and his work " De Architectura" which provides a step-by-step process in which Roman theaters were built. Improvements are discussed from eliminating the completely circular stage to a half-circle, as well as creating an official stage that persists in modern theatrical performances. The paper takes each part of the theater and discusses the area extensively in terms of what the Romans did to improve upon or change from the early Greek models.

From the Paper
"Ancient Rome's concept of art and architecture was heavily influenced by the cultures that the Romans had conquered, but were in no way identical copies of the art that existed in those subjugated areas. The Romans excelled at taking artistic ideas from other civilizations and molding them into a form that could undoubtedly be identified as uniquely Roman. This technique can easily be seen in practice when one examines the Roman theater building. Roman theaters can be found throughout the area that used to be the Roman Empire, with remnants of theaters all over Europe and the Mediterranean. These theaters have details and building techniques that are exclusive to Roman designs, but when they are viewed in comparison with ancient Greek theaters, one can clearly see where the Romans received their inspiration."

Tags:ancient, architecture, greece, rome, theater, theatre, vitruvius

Abstract
This paper explains how Irving used German folktales as a basis to create and embellish his own ideas and characters and turn them into his own. It looks at his stories, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow", "Rip Van Winkle", and "The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent" in order to compare these to Dutch and German classics and see in which way he was inspired by these cultures.

From the Paper
""The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent" established Irving as a respectable author both in the US and in Europe. Published as the charming account of an Englishman's love for English landscape and counties, the book also reveals his anxiety about being dispossessed of home and security, the surface is famously genial and sentimental (Rubin-Dorsky 32-64). The book itself consists of 34 literary sketches, where four are about America, while the rest draws from Irving's own experiences and observations in England."

Tags:rip, van, winkle, sketch, book, geoffrey, crayon, gent, legend, sleepy, hollow

Abstract
This paper considers the case of Lawrence Sports and addresses the capital management of the company as it tries to maintain business relations and still improve payables and receivables. Borrowing needs are addressed as well as the need to address needs ethically. The optimal solution suggested is to speed up receivables and slow down payables so that all partnerships are maintained with everyone feeling a bit more (but not too much) pain.

From the Paper
Capital Management Introduction Lawrence Sports is a sports equipment manufacturer with $20 million in revenues. Its primary customer is the distributor Mayo Stores. It sources all of its materials from Gartner products and Murray Leather Works. Through negotiated payment plans with each of these business partners Lawrence has established a capital management process that, at present, is failing to produce optimal results. In fact, if the process continues as it has during the month of April, the company could be driven into bankruptcy. This report is designed to address the current problems with

Tags:capital, management, business