Abstract This paper explains that, in today's world of information, it is very common for borrowed words, such as Japanese "sushi" or American-English "supermarket", to be adopted as a part of the lexicon of several languages. Every language, the author explains, borrows words because of either the lack of lexical items in the recipient language or the desire for prestige of the dominant donor language. The paper describes and analyzes the Thai language for linguistic features such as not only lexical borrowed items but also certain sound patterns, morphemes, syntactic structures, semantic meanings and orthography.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Lexical Borrowing in Thai
Table: Some Characteristics of Thai Lexicon
Phonological Borrowing Figure: Two-Way Models of Phonological Borrowing Morphological Borrowing Syntactic Borrowing Semantic Borrowing Orthographic Borrowing Figure: Thai Consonant Symbols
Figure: Thai Vowel Symbols
Figure: Thai Tone Marks
Figure: Thai Special Diacritics
Conclusion
From the Paper "As I have introduced earlier, when words are borrowed, the pronunciation also changes. It is remodeled to the conventions of the borrowing language; this process is called by Campbell "adaptation", a foreign sound in borrowed words which does not exist in the receiving language will be replaced by the nearest phonetic equivalent to it in the borrowing language. In the case of Thai language, we can obviously see that a lot of foreign loanwords in Thai have gone through the adaptation process. And there are several results come out of the process."
This paper is a research project that studies recent additions to the English language, the word formation processes, and the general subject areas to which these new words belong.
Abstract This paper reports that, to get a representative sample of new words, all 101 entries in the T, U, and V sections of the Oxford Dictionary of New Words, published in 1997, were used as a sample. The author states that the sample reveals a very low degree of borrowing from other languages; instead, internal word formation processes, such as compounding, semantic change, derivation, and abbreviation are used to form the new words. The paper concludes that, as long as English is a dominant global language, it is unlikely that this trend towards internal coinage in favor of borrowing will change.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "Instead, compounding was used to form the majority (40%) of the new words in the sample. These were often adjective-noun or noun-noun compounds such as "tight building syndrome" and "theme park". This process produces words that are usually self-evident in a simple, logical manner, and it is hardly surprising that it is as frequently used in the formation of new words today as it has been throughout the history of the language.Derivation processes were used to form about 12% of the sample. As well as existing affixes being attached to existing words ("tankie"), a number of new prefixes and suffixes such as ?-ware? and ?techno-? were attached to pre-existing words to create new lexical items ("technobabble")."
Abstract The paper reveals that the United States economy had already been predicted to go into recession when the tragedy of September 11 struck and facilitated the process of aggravating the economic conditions of the country. The paper discusses the subsequent rise in unemployment and its effect on consumer spending as well as the negative impact on investment and borrowing. The paper focuses on the damage inflicted to the airline, tourism and insurance industries. The paper also examines the rise and fall of the US dollar, the interest rates, open market operations and the Federal Reserve's tax policies. The paper includes a large amount of research material.
Outline:
Introduction
Consumer Spending
Low Investment and Borrowing The Airline and Insurance Industries
Unemployment Since 9/11
Inflation Targeting
Financial Markets
Open Market Operations
Tax Policy
Conclusion
From the Paper "The United States economy had already been predicted to go into recession when the tragedy of September 11 struck and facilitated the process of aggravating the economic conditions of this country. The economy crumpled as many US industries were hit severely by the attacks and the slow down finally took the shape of recession. After three quarters of poor GDP growth, it was almost certain that the economy was heading towards recession, but the September 11th attacks accelerated this ongoing negative process."
Abstract This paper examines the government's different fiscal policies and their affect on the national economy of the country. The paper begins with a definition of fiscal policy and continues with a discussion of the different ways a government finances its programs, or policies as they are known. Some of the topics covered include taxation and the affect of borrow on a government's ability to protect its natural resources. The author also discusses the affects of these policies in today's world, where a government's actions not only affects other governments, but can influence the success or failure of individual companies worldwide.
From the Paper "In addition to this, the borrowings made by the government are also a part of the government's policy to mange national resources. These policy variables have profound implications on country's monetary policy and on the GDP growth rate as well. In developed societies like that of the United States, governments are facing a number of challenges and solutions to most of these challenges are in conflict with each other. At one hand, it may be trying to minimize the effect of a recession and to smooth out the national income and at the same time it will be taking initiatives intended to achieve particular social objectives but need some additional resources that may further bring down the national income."
Tags: policy, fiscal, Macro, economics, national, taxation, borrowings, financial, revenue, gdp, goods, services, united, states, society
Highlights the main reasons why membership in the Employee Federal Credit Union (EFCU) is shrinking and why individuals are opting for commercial banking when credit unions offer loans at lower rates.
Abstract This research report addresses the main reasons why EFCU has encountered a decline in membership and what is prompting people to borrow from other financial bodies. In order to better understand these reasons, however, the paper first looks at why people are initially attracted to credit unions instead of commercial banks and the principles that guide the growth of credit unions. The report is based on a survey of EFCU members, which was conducted through mailed questionnaires.
From the Paper "This has been a major setback for most federal credit unions including EFCU the number of its members has decreased and many existing members prefer commercial banks to meet their loan requirements. While the governmental regulations are certainly playing a dominant role in poor performance of credit unions in last few years, we must not forget how banking industry has persistently forced the government to develop such legislation. The worst part is that due to this persistent challenges, market share of credit unions came down to 12% in 1995 from 13% in 1980 while that of bans increased from 50 to 56% during these fifteen years."
Abstract This paper studies the family members and dynamics in two American novels about marooned families. The paper compares the personalities and character traits of the matriarchs and patriarchs, as well as the children. Another similarity discussed is the scenes in which the families are forced to venture into unknown territory in order to survive. The paper also illustrates how both books reinforce the traditional values of the nuclear family. In fact, the paper concludes that the most important lesson from these books is that the family will pull together to surmount obstacles and to counteract adversity.
From the Paper "The Robinsons reached their unlikely new home when they were shipwrecked on their way to settle in a place that was not their home. We are not told how the Borrowers came to be living under the floor, but we do find out that at one time there was a colony of Borrowers, some of whom were extended family, living in the same house. Both environments require the participation of both mother and father to survive. In both, the father leaves the home every day to obtain the things necessary for survival. In both, the mothers stay home and prepare meals, provide clothing and keep the home comfortable and clean. In both, the home - no matter how undesirably located - is a haven for the family, the place where they feel safe and where they enjoy each other's company."
Tags: marroon, shipwreck, island, survival, parents, children
Abstract This paper explains that, a decade after the enactment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) creating a borderless economy, Mexico has benefited from free trade but problems remain if it is to compete effectively with the rest of the world. The author points out that, the unemployment rate is close to zero in northern Mexico where manufacturing still is concentrated; however, manufacturing facilities are spreading out to other parts of the country. The paper stresses that, in spite of the vast improvements in the last ten years, Mexico still has some serious challenges ahead such as (1) the need to create one million new jobs each year in order to absorb the young workers entering the market and (2) smaller companies have trouble upgrading technology because of higher borrowing costs.
From the Paper "Mexico has come a long way from the catastrophic financial crisis of 1994-1995, when millions of Mexicans were thrust into poverty and life savings were wiped out. Two million jobs were eliminated. The early days of NAFTA had failed to benefit Mexico as expected, and most of the manufacturing exports still came from the maquiladora sector along the northern border with the U.S. A corrupt and unstable political environment limited foreign investment. In January 1995, President Clinton was motivated to provide a $47 billion bailout of the Mexican economy."
Abstract This paper presents a historical overview of the Sindhi language. The author discusses code-switching, borrowing and other issues related to Sindhi language.
From the Paper "The Sindhi a people named after the Indus Sindhu in Arabic River are said to be one of the oldest groups in the Indian subcontinent. They inhabit both sides of the Indus River, which divided India and Pakistan. Until Pakistan became an independent Muslim country in the Hindu and Muslim Sindhi lived together in the same region. As a result of the partition of India and Pakistan, a majority of the Hindu Sindhi migrated to metropolitan areas of India whereas the ..."
Abstract This paper points out that any of a number of factors can be used to explain the rise of the Bank of Canada in the middle 1930s. The paper then suggests that, even after examining all of the questionable initiatives advanced by the Canadian government and by Canada chartered banks throughout the late 1920s and into the 1930s, it must still be said that excessive cash borrowing and excessive or just plain wrong-headed credit dispensation lay at the heart of the decision to create a central bank that would control and regulate the Canadian banking industry.
Abstract The paper discusses the Lawrence Sports simulation and emphasizes that the Lawrence Sport manager wants to hold back from borrowing in an attempt to build a good rapport with organization vendors. The paper looks at three alternative working capital policies namely the conservative working capital policy, the aggressive working capital policy and an aggressive financing strategy. The paper also explains that a contingency plan will assist in building a good rapport with all vendors.
Outline:
Introduction
Alternative one working capital policy
Alternative two working capital policy
Alternative three working capital policy
Risk
Contingencies
Performance
Implementation plan
Cash Conversion cycle
Conclusion
From the Paper "If cash is the lifeblood of a business, then Lawrence Sports needs to put into place a definitive plan for securing and maintaining the amount of cash available to them for their short-term business transactions. Accounts receivable, accounts payable and inventory are several aspects that need to be evaluated. Through analyzing and improving these three areas, Lawrence Sports will be able to have a strong working capital ratio, which is essential for a successful business.It seems currently Lawrence Sports has insufficient working capital due in part because they have a standing loan at the bank that is constantly drawn from to keep their main account's balance at an acceptable level when their accounts receivable are delayed. The loans are further depleting available cash because of the interest being paid over time. To mitigate this problem, the company needs to evaluate how they handle their debtors, or accounts receivable. Lawrence Sports should implement a company policy that will establish clear credit practices and expectancies. Two options should be considered, such as establishment of firm credit limits for each customer and imposing penalties on overdue accounts. This will allow them accurately to forecast their cash on hand."
Abstract This paper compares the Present time value of money in the case where three different companies want to borrow money to start or expand their business. By comparing the forecast of their net cash flow to the present value of the cash they want to borrow it is possible to figure out which company should get the highest discount rate on the money they wish to borrow.
After taking a battering from spectacular failures due to the Asian economic crisis impact on emerging nations and markets worldwide, project finance is making a cautious, conservative rebound. Private and institutional investors are taking an increasing part in financing domestic and international major infrastructure, power and utility projects through innovative funding structures.
From the paper:
"Limited recourse loans are a well-defined form of borrowing; any transaction that does not include elements unique to this structure does not strictly qualify as project finance. Limited recourse loans were invented in the late 1920s and early 1930s to provide US wildcatters with longer-term production finance. During the 1930s, drilling became deeper and resultant cost higher; more extended financing terms were needed. The improved engineering techniques of the early 1940s provided the ability to forecast the future recovery of oil reserves, and some banks applied these new techniques to justify production loans in excess of the three years? limited term previously applied. Since the project itself was deemed able to support a level of production that would provide for repayment from the project's cash flow, the creditworthiness of the borrower was irrelevant."
Abstract This paper explains that a building society is a Financial Institution that is owned by all its members rather than by its shareholders which plays the role of paying interests on the deposits made by the members and also of lending money to its members by proposing to keep the property as security in order to enable them to buy a house of their own. The paper then details the history of the Abbey National Building Society from its beginnings in 1944 to the present day as well as what Abbey National Building Society has had to do to remain successful.
From the Paper "The market conditions at the time were very strict and regulated, and there was stiff competition everywhere. The 1986 occurrence of the 'Big Bang' served to break down all the traditional barriers that a person would expect in a Bank, and soon banks and other financial institutions became more capable of offering a wide range of financial services that hitherto had not been done. Abbey Building Society had at this time already demonstrated its free and independent thinking by breaking away from the Cartel of building societies that had insisted on certain fixed basic mortgage rates for everyone. Therefore when the decision to convert into a plc was taken in 1989, and after the conversion had actually taken place, there was a dramatic increase in the number of shareholders in the United Kingdom: the numbers rose from 6 million to 9.5 million, a 50% increase. (Conversion to plc, the Background)"
This paper discusses the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its relationship to the economy of Indonesia, China, Thailand, the Philippines, Korea, Vietnam and Cambodia.
Abstract This paper explains that the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have been responsible for lending billions of dollars to Asian countries over the past thirty years; but, in the past, some countries were unable to repay their loans and the loans had to be refinanced in order to support the country's economy. The author points out that, to protect their investments, the IMF and the World Bank conduct a series of negotiations with the government that wishes to borrow money; these negotiations establish a series of policies and changes that the government promises to establish in order to enhance and strengthen its economy. The paper relates the economy and relationship to the IMF of several Asian countries including Indonesia, one of the leading recipients of foreign bank lending, whose history of borrowing has been troubled by political corruption and an unstable financial sector.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Indonesia
China
Thailand
The Philippines
Korea
Vietnam
Cambodia
From the Paper "China used to be one of the world's poorest countries. Twenty years ago, 80 percent of the population was living on less than US$1 a day and there was an illiteracy rate of 60 percent. However, over the past two decades China has made enormous progress in reducing poverty. In 1978 and again in 1995, China launched an economic reform program which took it from being a communist economy to a market-based one. The economic reform package brought the country up to average growth rate in gross domestic product of 8 percent a year. Growth has continued in China and the poverty rate has declined, bringing more than 200 million Chinese above the poverty level."
