Abstract
This paper discusses border security, which it asserts has been an issue for many countries for some time. While the threat of cross-border terrorism has added to the concerns, security is also an economic issue both for the country being invaded by people from other parts of the world and for the countries losing these people. In the U.S., the major concern has been over people crossing the border from Mexico seeking economic benefits, while people crossing the border from Canada have never been that much of a concern because the two countries are more equal economically. For that same reason, few people cross the border illegally from the U.S. into Canada.

From the Paper
"Border security has been an issue for many countries for some time, and while the threat of cross-border terrorism has added to the concerns, security is also an economic issue both for the country being invaded by people from other parts of the world and for the countries losing these people. In the U.S., the major concern has been over people crossing the border from Mexico seeking economic benefits, while people crossing the border from Canada have never been that much of a concern because the two countries are more equal economically. For that same reason, few people cross the border illegally from the U.S. into Canada. Border security was made an explicit topic in the U.S. in the report from ..."

Tags:immigration, emigration, worker, generation

Abstract
The paper discusses how border security has been an issue for many countries for some time, from a security and economic perspective. The paper discusses the ramifications of border control for the country being invaded and for the country losing the people. The paper looks at the opening of borders to trade and the U.S., Canada and Mexico's NAFTA agreement that has become for many the symbol of globalization.

From the Paper
"The prevailing attitudes toward immigration and border security were seen as being in conflict with aspects of American economic policy in the era of increased globalization. Critics often see globalization as something that happens to other parts of the world while the governing elites in America benefit. Those who see America as harmed in any way usually do so in terms of American workers thrown out of work because of factories moving to Mexico or China. There are other ways in which Americans are affected by globalization, however, among them when "formerly tightly knit neighborhoods absorb new waves of immigration and the job market changes, to a certain degree prompted by plant closings in favor of cheap labor overseas" (Mittelman, 2002, p. 5)."

Tags:protectionism, NAFTA, globalization, immigration, trade

Abstract
The paper discusses the future ramifications of the IRTPA border security legislation and reveals that they appear to be extremely detrimental to the tourist industry on both sides of the American/Canadian border. The paper argues that the use of local and municipal government is crucial to changing the foreign policy objectives of the IRTPA.

Tags:canada, passport, law

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that, following the horror of the catastrophe and carnage of September 11, 2001, if there was ever any doubt that America's priorities needed to be changed, that doubt was now removed. The writer relates that America's leaders would begin to examine the nation's vulnerabilities, among the most glaring of which was the porousness of its borders - the vast influx of Mexican nationals across America's southwestern frontier. The writer notes that the flood of Mexicans across the United States border, though the result primarily of economic factors, has powerful implications for America's security. The writer points out that a serious analysis of the aims of America's national security strategy might look at whether illegal aliens truly present the terrorism problem that has been attributed to them. The writer concludes that while there may be real and significant reason to contain or eliminate illegal immigration from Mexico, and to seal the Southwestern border of the United States, government action does not seem to bear out the sense of urgency inherent in its rhetoric.

From the Paper
"The Immigration and Naturalization Service was already putting operation plans that would treat alien groups as potential subversives, arrogating to itself extraordinary, seemingly extra-legal powers in the name of guarding against potential national security threats. The fear of alien incursion to which these contingencies react is based on a still larger problem, of which Mexico and other developing nations appear to partake. It is a similar to the problems that pervade much of the Muslim world, as well, and give rise to the feelings of hopelessness, despair, and frustration, that turn so many into terrorists."
"Globalization has led to a worldwide race for control of resources, both human and natural. The populations of developing nations, like Mexico, feel themselves more exploited than ever by the multinational corporations operating out of technologically-advanced nations like the United States."

Tags:immigration, alien, Mexico

Abstract
This paper describes the increased security at the Canada-U.S. border following 9/11 and discusses the challenges facing Canadian firms exporting to the U.S. The paper presents alternative options for Canadian companies. The paper states that, despite these alternatives, many Canadian companies chose to continue their profitable relationship with the U.S. and, instead, focus on solving border issues through effective management.

From the Paper
"Canadian managers are faced with a number of international environments during the normal course of foreign business. These can include differences in language and culture, and differences in units of measurement. In an international environment, financial concerns and currency are also often apparent, as are concerns over differences in laws. However, perhaps the most important of these international environments focuses around trade agreements, sanctions, and barriers, and concerns over national security. In trade between the U.S. and Canada in the post-9/11 world, Canadian managers are faced with the problems of ensuring that trade flows freely within the context of increased American border security after September 11th."

Tags:sanctions, barriers, international, export

Abstract
The paper discusses how border security is becoming a major issue in the post-9-11 world. The paper relates that the problem was seen first in economic and social terms, then as a law enforcement matter and now as a national security issue. The paper discusses how while this may have made the nation more serious about controlling the flow of illegal immigration, it has not immediately suggested how to accomplish this difficult task. The paper examines the various means that are being recommended and tried; increasing the number of border guards, building a fence, enhancing ID cards and using facial recognition software.

Outline:
Introduction
Economic Security
Immigration and Crime
The Immigration Debate
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The immigration debate has been ongoing for many years, with an effort to determine the degree to which legal immigration will be supported and illegal immigration will be tolerated. The United States has two major borders, the longest with Canada (not generally seen as an issue) and a shorter one with Mexico (considered a major problem and at times a major threat as thousands of illegal immigrants cross each year seeking economic benefits in the U.S.) For decades, the border has been relatively porous in spite of the many people who have raised the issue and who see illegal immigration as a major economic threat."

Tags:immigrant, liberty, freedom, asylum, ID, guards

Abstract
This essay gives a brief history of terrorism and border control in the United States, as well as the US Patriot Act before examining the relationship between border security and counter terrorism. The subcategories such as the lack of border security both south and north of the United States are also discussed. The policy that the United States has toward immigration also gives the paper a close up of the unapprehended illegal aliens who are detrimental not only to the status of the economy but also towards national terrorism. In closing, the author explains how a lax border security can give rise to opportunities for terrorists to exploit.

From the Paper
"Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, there have been many changes in the ways the United States government functions. The first act of alteration to the normal code of conduct was the drafting and passage of the USA PATRIOT Act. There are many who see this act as a bold defense against the fear of terrorism for the American public, however, a growing number of people see the changes in American governmental policy and overall attitude towards enemies and allies alike as an affront against proper American values and freedom."

Tags:patriot act, terrorism, illegal immigrants

Abstract
The paper answers three questions on cargo security: responsibility, the CRS Report for Congress, and personnel interaction in loss control, cargo clearance and security.

From the Paper
"The responsibility for cargo security is shared among a number of different players. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) pointed out that it has general oversight of establishing a system for supply chain security that mitigates the evolving terrorist threat, while facilitating the free flow of global commerce to ensure the physical and economic well-being of the United States and its trade partners. In addition, DHS works with port authorities, individual shippers and carriers, manufacturers and distributors and an entire host of transport providers to ensure..."

Tags:cargo security, border security

Abstract
An examination of homeland security in the United states from a federal level, identifying a need for strengthened security following the September 11th attacks. The writer discusses decisions planned to strengthen security at the nation's borders and what is used to establish the need for a new homeland security system. It indicates that the protection plan of the nation's boundaries as well as its infrastructure, is the focus of the Homeland Security system.

From the Paper
"Before one can understand the new homeland security measures that are being taken one must have a grasp on what homeland security is and how it affects populations. Homeland security is the process by which the nation's borders are protected. It is a complicated process that involves many agencies working with the federal government. Those agencies can include other federal agencies as well as state and local agencies. The need for stronger homeland security has been debated for the last decade. "No one in Washington thought a Homeland Security Department was the answer in 1993 when a truck bomb in the World Trade Center's garage killed six people. It was never suggested that U.S. law enforcement needed to be overhauled in 1995 when Timothy McVeigh murdered 168 people in Oklahoma City."

Tags:terror, united, states, system, border, government, bush, safe, federal

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of issues surrounding borders and customs in Canada following the events of 9/11. The writer explores changes that have taken place and the impact of those changes on the privacy of Canadian citizens. In particular, the writer uses the Canadian Constitution and the Charter of Rights to examine this issue. The author concludes that since the events of 9/11, it has become necessary to re-evaluate national security measures in Canada, while at the same time ensuring that the privacy of Canada's citizens is protected as well.

Outline:
Introductions
Customs and Borders
Charter Issues
When All is Said and Done

From the Paper
"Since the events of 9-11 the two most important areas of concern for Canadian officials have been customs and border issues. Because the terrorist who committed the attacks on the New York City World Towers used commercial airplanes to commit those attacks the Canadian officials along with the rest of the world has moves toward increasing air travel safety and border regulations to insure terrorists do not have access either by land or by air."

Tags:Canada, security, terrorism, customs, 9/11, border