Abstract
The Mexican-U.S. dispute over water shortages in the Rio Grande has its roots in Mexico's failure to abide by a 1944 water treaty. As a result, U.S. farmers on the American side of the Rio Grande have been strongly impacted, with many losing their businesses, and the area's agricultural industry has been severely damaged by the water shortage. This paper discusses how the U.S. government has been accused of dragging its feet on the issue and how Mexico has remained largely defiant of its action. It suggests that the solution to this issue may lie in stricter enforcement and the creation of new international laws involving the use of shared water resources, as well as beefing up water conservation on both sides of the border.

From the Paper
"In recent years, Mexico and the United States have clashed over water shortages on either side of the Rio Grande River in South Texas. Mexico's failure to abide by a 1944 water treaty since 1992 has severely damaged U.S. agriculture. While Mexico seems largely unrepentant and unwilling to release water to the U.S., U.S. officials have been accused of ignoring the issue in the wake of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). While steps are being made to address the issue, including water conservation and the release of some water owed to the U.S., much remains to be done to solve the shortage. Changes to international law involving the use of shared water resources may provide some long-term relief while the creation of more water conservation measures will likely help alleviate the shortage in the short-term."

Tags:conservation, law, rio, grande

Abstract
This paper aims to illustrate how third party mediation efforts in interstate conflicts efforts can succeed or fail based on the type of entity that intervenes and its objective. Using the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan as the basis for the author's thesis, the paper asserts that interventions are more likely to succeed if the intervener is a state rather than an organization, and when the goal is limited, not broad. The paper provides a brief history of the basis and development of the current dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan, an overview of the mediation efforts and analyzes how the organization-led attempt at intervention has failed because peace talks are at a standstill, and the party involved (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe- OSCE) has not met the goals it set at the beginning of the process.

From the Paper
"In 1921, Soviet Russia assigned Nagorno-Karabagh to Soviet Azerbaijan as part of a treaty with Turkey to gain favor with it and hope to secure some type of geopolitical advantage. Soviet Armenia objected strongly to this arbitrary arrangement on the basis that Nagorno-Karabagh had a right to self-determination (hold free elections and express through the popular will what they wanted) which could not be abrogated, but to no avail. This was maintained and in 1936 solidified by Stalin with inclusion in the Soviet Constitution. This structure was repeatedly protested by the government of Soviet Armenia formally through petitions with Moscow, and informally protested at the grassroots level by mass demonstrations in Karabakh proper, leading to large-scale retaliatory measures against Armenian activists."

Tags:foreign policy, international relations, border disputes, territorial conflict

Abstract
This paper explains that the origin of the dispute between the federal governments of Canada and the United States is the belief of U.S. lumber companies that lumber in some Canadian provinces, such as British Columbia, is subsidized by the lumber coming from Crown lands where its cost is cheaper than if it came from private lands. The author points out that, although Canada disputes this view, it accepted the Canada-US Softwood Lumber Agreement of 2006, which cancels any legal actions and duties with regard to the softwood lumber issue, as a way of resolving the trade problem and returning billions of dollars the U.S. government has claimed in duties over the past five years. The paper relates that the public interest group, the Forest Products Association of Canada (FPAC) did not advocate one policy to government but attempted to work with the government to create a "unified" approach, which best reflects the diverse interests of its member companies.

From the Paper
"Canada had a number of objectives in entering into the free trade agreements with the United States. In general, these different objectives may be grouped under the one overriding priority of the Canadian government, which was to secure open and unthreatened long-term access to the large U.S. market for Canadian exporters. This was an important issue for the Canadian government as Canadian industries in the last decades of the 20th century were growing increasingly dependent upon the United States as their primary export market."

Tags:duties, regional, responsibility, border, free

Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a dramatic change in the way that businesses and courts approach dispute resolution. Businesses are now encouraged to resolve disputes by alternative methods, such as mediation and arbitration, rather than take all disputes to court.
This paper shows that effective dispute resolution is vital to the reputation of businesses, as well to the growth of trade and investment. Many methods of dispute resolution attempt to resolve conflicts that do not involve an alleged violation of law. This paper discusses Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) which refers to any form of mediation or arbitration and their use in resolving disputes and is largely used amongst companies worldwide to resolve business disputes. The paper shows that many ADR approaches are very flexible and include early neutral case evaluation, facilitation, conciliation, mediation, arbitration, negotiation, or any other dispute resolution method that may be appropriate for a particular dispute. The paper looks at the reasons behind the increasing popularity of ADR including the fact that a growing number of legal mandates require the use of mediation and arbitration to resolve disputes.

From the Paper
"Companies around the globe have used arbitration and mediation to settle a variety of disputes. For example, in the United States, arbitration and mediation are often used to settle labor disputes that are rooted in conflicting interpretations of existing employment contracts, construction disputes between general contractors and subcontractors relating to construction damage claims, or between contractors and owners relating to the nature of work and payment clauses in employee contracts, and shareholder disputes concerning the valuation of stock in closely held companies (Riskin, 1997, p. 277-279)."

Tags:evaluation, ombuds, Interstate, Commerce, Act

Abstract
The paper relates that historically, wars in the Persian Gulf have not been uncommon and have been conducted for dominance of the region. The paper discusses how border disputes between several different factions continued throughout the centuries, which ultimately resulted in the Iran-Iraq War. The paper relates that the War lasted from September 1980 until August 1988 and began when the Iraq military invaded Iran after a long history of border disputes between the two countries (Rajaee 11). The paper explains that the United Nations Security Council called for an end to the dispute, however, the fighting continued until the Iranians were successful in fending off the Iraqis.

From the Paper
"Historically, wars in the Persian Gulf have not been uncommon and have been conducted for dominance of the region. Border disputes between several different factions continued throughout the centuries, which ultimately resulted in the Iran-Iraq War. The War lasted from September..."

Tags:war, iran, iraq

Abstract
The issue of whether the region of Kashmir should be an independent state, part of India, or part of Pakistan, has been a source of serious conflict ever since India and Pakistan were partitioned into two different countries in 1947. This paper explains that, when that partition occurred, the two new countries were divided along largely religious lines: Most residents of the new country of India was Hindi, while most residents of the new country of Pakistan were Muslim. The writer points out that Kashmir, however, did not have any one dominant religion that could guide its destiny. The issue of who should govern Kashmir has been a source of contention and three wars since 1947 along with persistent border disputes.

From the Paper
"Some see the recent inclusion of Kashmir leaders in peace talks as one of the events most likely to help stabilize the region (Hardgrave, 1998), as in the past the Kashmiri desires have been ignored except when one side or another has attempted to manipulate them for their own goals. Some, however, believe that it is too soon to be optimistic, that 18 months of peace does not mean the underlying issues have dissipated (Kumar M., 2005). It seems likely that the region's best chance for a lasting peace is to continue to include Kashmiri leaders as active participants in any peace negotiations (Hardgrave, 1998)."

Tags:india, pakistan

Abstract
This paper discusses how, as cyberspace is a communication system that surpasses all territorial boundaries and the users are free to access information from unknown physical locations, geographical borders should not apply in determining the proper jurisdiction for a cause of action. The paper contends that there must be an evolution of new and entirely independent rules to govern the jurisdiction on the net and that the countries in harmonization with each other must evolve a uniform law governing cyberspace jurisdiction.

Outline:
Introduction
Relation of Jurisdiction with State and Sovereignty
Determination of Jurisdiction
Analysis of Disputed Jurisdiction Cases
Conclusion and Suggestion

From the Paper
"In nutshell sovereignty is founded upon the fact of territory and therefore without territory a legal person cannot be a state. The territorial jurisdiction of states and the jurisdictional limits of the municipal courts are still based on the territorial theory. According to this theory every state has jurisdiction over everything situated within and over every person present within the territories. Quid quid est in territorio es estian de territoria. This follows that the municipal courts have jurisdiction over person and every thing present within the jurisdiction. Another manifestation of the territorial theory is found on the principle of allegiance. This principle means that all those persons who are present within the jurisdiction owe allegiance to their state and it is their duty to obey its laws and orders wherever they might be. "

Tags:State, Sovereignty

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the history and continuous tension and conflict between Israel and Hezbollah. The paper reports that both sides dislike each other vehemently and the borders between Israel and Lebanon have seen near-constant incidents of violence over the years.

Outline:
Introduction: Key historical issues between Israel and their Arab Neighbors Living in Palestine and Lebanon
Key Issues: Identification of key issues or disputes
Recent and Current Policy
National Interests and Goals
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The bitterness between the two sides notwithstanding, Pascual writes that Lebanon must address three "enormous challenges." Those three are, to first "mitigate the immediate impacts of war so those returning to destroyed homes and livelihoods can begin to rebuild their lives." That is going to be an unbelievable task, since the Brookings Institute (a nonprofit organization that has international influence on policy decisions) reports that the recent war "displaced 1 million people, a quarter of Lebanon's population," and it destroyed 30,000 housing units. It also destroyed "crops and tourism" in the southern part of Lebanon, taking away two "main sources of income" for Lebanese citizens. The second major challenge is to build "critical social, economic and physical infrastructure," Pascual asserted. To do this, around $3.5 billion will be needed, and the focus should be on "putting to work Lebanon's strongest asset: the private sector. "

Tags:iran, iraq, hatred, syria, lebanon, nasrallah, antagonistic, conflict, citizens, soldiers

Abstract
This paper explains that, although India and China have embarked on a cooperative relationship in the last decades, India still views China as a threat. The author points out that the relationship between China and India was unstable during and after the Cold War. Nonetheless, the paper relates that, today, China and India are without doubt emerging technological powers. The author compares the technologies of these two countries and the ways that they are try to work together through various treaties such as the World Trade Organization agreement.

From the Paper
"A study group investigated the feasibility of a foreign trade agreement for China and India in April 2005. Such an agreement, under the World Trade Organization, implied a zero duty on goods. But it did not cover services, FDI or movement of persons. The study recommended that both countries should identify and remove trade and non-tariff barriers, which actually hampered their expanding bilateral economic cooperation efforts. These problems could be solved without the need for a foreign trade agreement."

Tags:technologies, border dispute, nuclearization, regulatory constraints, security

From the Paper
"The United States opened war on the Republic of Mexico on April 25, 1846. The reasons behind our aggression against Mexico are disputed. I believe the main reason to be Manifest Destiny. The continued era of expansionism was in full swing at the time of the Mexican-American War. Although there was the slavocracy that was driving southern expansion leading up to the Civil War, Manifest Destiny was still the core ideal in the instigation of the war. In fact, the phrase Manifest Destiny was first used in an 1845 Democratic Review 1, written by John L. O'Sullivan. This idea can be seen in the land grabbing at the end of the war. The idea can also be seen in the events surrounding the war such as, the expansion of slavery and the westward expansion of slavery. Thirdly, Manifest Destiny was included in the border dispute over the Texas border, which was a major factor in the beginning of the war."

Tags:annexation, border, destiny, disputes, manifest, mexico, of, relations, texas