From the Paper
"In July of 1955 the Atlantic Monthly published a lengthy essay in which the author, Arnold Sundgaard, discusses the position of jazz in the 1950s as both a distinctive art form and a mirror for socio-cultural activity. In his exposition, Sundgaard notes that above all else jazz seems to thrive on endless exploration and ceaseless discovery, that it is at its core the expression of some very enduring opposites: freedom and form, responsibility and surrender, exuberance and pain (Sundgaard). It is not surprising then that at the time of Sundgaard's writing, two of the prevailing popular jazz styles, "cool jazz" and "hard bop", were in many regards opposite by nature. "

From the Paper
"Near the end of the 1960s jazz trumpeter Miles Davis (1926-91) began to experiment with electronic instruments (primarily bass and piano) played by members of his groups. Within a short time Davis released two recordings, In a Silent Way (1969) and Bitches Brew (1969), that started a storm of controversy--although the latter record sold better than any album in jazz history. The problem as Davis saw it was that people were simply unprepared to listen to his new style of group improvisation because, first, it involved electronic instruments and rock beats and, second, it was too complex and unusual. But critics and fans who deplored the new direction complained that the music simply was not jazz, that Davis had "sold out" in order to attract the large white audience for rock music with a "fusion" of jazz and rock, and, in some cases, that his new music was a..."

Abstract
The paper discusses Benny Goodman's musical style of classical clarinet, swing and big band and the creation of the Benny Goodman Trio, another development in the evolution of Goodman's style. The paper then relates how he brought swing music into national recognition and continued with a period of bop music. The paper asserts that the evolution and development of a variety of styles is what makes Goodman such an accomplished musician.

From the Paper
"Benny Goodman is one of the biggest names in not only jazz, but also American popular music as well. Born in 1909, he is most known for his work as a composer and jazz clarinetist; however, he was also an excellent saxophone master and classical musician as well. Throughout the years, Goodman's musical evolution included stylistic elements of classical, New Orleans jazz, big band, more intimate combos, and bop music. He is said by many to be the master of big-band swing music, but also explored smaller combos in which he gave great showcases to upcoming artists. The disciplined and multi-faceted nature of his stylistic techniques proves his mastery as an artist and earns him his enormous reputation."

Tags:swing, jazz, big, band, clarinet, composer

Abstract
The paper looks at two schools of management; the liberal vs. the traditional or conservative styles, and points out the differences between privatized and publicly funded prisons. The paper looks at the U.S. Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and how it has one of the strongest management systems throughout the country. The paper discusses how an effective manager has to have good communication skills and how management must be aware and in control of the overall morale of the prison. The paper concludes that poor management jeopardizes inmates and institutional personnel, so effective prison management is essential.

From the Paper
"From the prison manager's perspective, there are two distinct schools of management style. There are those who become involved with the prison community (often seen as more liberal), and those who remain in their offices for a majority of their time (often seen as more traditional or conservative. The liberal group believes in a more humanistic approach to detention and management. One researcher states, "In their view, detention should provide these individuals with skills that can help them survive on the street; wardens are morally required to 'do something with these people'" (Boin 65). In this management model, communication between staff and inmates is key, and the regime is more relaxed. The traditional or "strict" model is very different."

Tags:inmates, wardens, privatization, communication, morale

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the high percentage of drug abuse amongst prison inmates. According to the paper, the United States Bureau of Prisons (BOP) developed a comprehensive substance abuse treatment program in 1989, in an attempt to alter both the criminal and substance abuse behaviors of inmates. This paper attempts to determine which treatment programs are most effective in treating inmates with substance abuse problems.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose
Problem
Review of Literature
Juvenile Correction Facilities
Discussion of Relevant Issues
Analysis
Conclusion and Recommendation

From the Paper
"Indeed program retention is critical as it has been found to be a critical part of ensuring that treatment is effective. The authors explain that there is a positive correlation between long term outcomes and retention rates four both adults and adolescents. In their analysis Hser et al (2001) assessed the correlation between after treatment outcomes and program retention for adolescents in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcomes Project. This assessment was conducted across a range of program types that were inclusive of short-term inpatient, residential, and outpatient drug-free (Hser et al 2001). The study found that longer stays in treatment (90 days or more) could be correlated with lower levels of substance abuse in addition to lower rates of arrest in the year following treatment. "

Tags:drug, treatment, abuse, prison, incarceration, crime, criminal, juvenile, corrections, facilities

Abstract
The Balance of Payments (BOP) is the method that countries use to monitor all international monetary transactions at a specific period of time. The paper analyzes the current balance of payments adjustments made by the U.S.A. It describes the reasons for the adjustments and discusses the type of adjustment used by the American government.

From the Paper
"It was once believed that a nations stock of international reserves was adequate to cover a nation's deficit, but history has shown that results are slow. The incentive for a nation to reduce payments surplus are not direct and immediate like that for reducing a payments deficit. (Carbaugh) The need for adjustment because of persistent BOP disequilibrium tends to have adverse economic consequences. There are two different classifications of BOP adjustments they are either automatic or discretionary. Under a system of fixed exchange rates, automatic adjustments can occur through variations in prices, interest rates, and incomes. The demand for and supply of money can also influence the adjustment process.

Tags:Hume, surplus, exchange, rate

Abstract
This paper is based on 5 questions that cover the fiscal and monetary theories and policies that guide the BOP and the exchange rate to maintain an equalized and stable economy.

Abstract
This paper describes the author's experience at the Detroit International Jazz Festival. The paper describes the musical program during the festival, the types and range of artists performing, and the venue. Additionally, the author suggests that the festival is an excellent musical experience for anyone, from a newcomer to jazz to a long-time jazz fan.

From the Paper
"Officially titled the Ford Detroit International Jazz Festival, the Festival first began to bring jazz to the city of Detroit in 1980. It was founded by the Detroit Renaissance, and has seen tremendous success since that day. Since 1994, the Festival has been produced by the Music Hall Center for the Performing Arts. The Festival was originally called the Ford Montreux Detroit Jazz Festival ."

Tags:complexity, variety, performing, arts, swing, bop, Latin, modern, contemporary, smooth, avant, garde

Abstract
This essay explores the development of black society and culture in the United States as a result of the Great Migration, Harlem Renaissance, liberation and anti-black sentiment in the South. The paper also deals with the different styles of jazz and the emergence of each these styles.

From the Paper
"Segregation is a marvelous thing. Not only does it isolate one group of people from normal society, it slaps them with inferior rights and social standing. Ever since the 1500s, when Europeans colonized the New World using African-American slaves, blacks have always been viewed as lesser subjects who were intellectually and emotionally inferior to whites and therefore whites subjected them to harsh second-class treatment1. Life progressed for a few hundred years and, even after the Civil War, blacks were still in the same second-class society that they started in since the beginning on slavery. Only now, there were 4.5 million more of them and they resided in black communities located in large Northern cities instead of smaller Southern plantations2. These black communities, separated from white communities, became breeding grounds for cultural development and by the late 19th century, significant tides of black artists, musicians, and writers were present in them. By the 20th century, African-American culture was an integral part of American society, ubiquitous in many forms in Eastern urban cities and, after World War I, rural Southern and Western locations.3 Without segregation, however, and under ideal circumstances, blacks would have become integrated and unnoticeable with white culture (just like how America's youth, no matter what race, is so culturally indistinguishable). However, since blacks were in fact segregated from whites for say 300 something years, they were able to develop their own culture, with many aspects almost uninfluenced by white culture."

Tags:african, bop, ragtime, slavery