Abstract
This paper discusses that, in the 21st Century, new technology, such as the computer, fax machines and the internet, have improved the business and accounting world in virtually every area ranging from communication, to data recording, to company billing. The author comments that the use of the computer has almost eliminated the job category of bookkeeper. The author discusses that, although these new technologies have great benefits, they are not without problems such as computer crashes.

From the Paper
"The technological world has become an absolute necessity in accounting. One way technology has influenced accounting firms is in the realm of communication. Communication, vital to every business, plays a crucial role in the accounting process. Through the use of the fax machine, important documents can be sent via phone line from client to accountant or vice versa. For example, a business needs to have a sales journal covering the last quarter immediately because of a meeting the next day. The fax machine will allow the journal to get from the accountant to the client, a task that would have taken at least a day or two, within a few minutes."

Tags:computer, fax, Internet, communication, data, recording, company, billing, bookkeeper, crashes

From the Paper
"Andrew Carnegie's greatest contribution to the "Rise of Big Business" was his introduction of cost accounting in the business world. Carnegie changed the method of bookkeeping that had been used by most businessmen since the Renaissance to a more formal and accurate method of accounting. This cost saving method led to the United States becoming an industrial world power because it brought the most trained management and workforce into business."

Tags:accounting, bookkeeping, cost, industrial, industry, labor, oil, production, states, united, workforce

Abstract
This paper looks at how the Temper Tinglary Soho Art Gallery in the Yarra Valley, is considering the use of a website to promote the gallery and exhibitions and how it wishes to undertake outdoor exhibitions but has no relevant information allowing it to analyse this option. The gallery is interested in initiating projects that give it competitive advantage, increase cooperation with other organisations and enable it to analyse data trends. In addition, an efficient solution for transaction processing is also sought in order to relieve the burden on the current bookkeeper.
Following the Marchewka (2006) business model, the paper identifies stakeholders with an interest in such projects and then identifies potential projects for consideration and defines Measurable Organisational Value (MOV) for each project. The different projects are then analysed based on their TBO (Total Benefits of Ownership), TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) and ROI (Return On Investment). The analysis is based on the risks and metrics used to define value for each project. Finally a recommendation to the gallery is made based on the various factors analysed.

Outline:
Stakeholders
Core team
External stakeholders
Potential projects
Value and rationale for each project
Appropriate metric and realistic time frame
Feasibility and Risk assessment
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
Total Benefits of Ownership (TBO)
Increase high value work:
Improved accuracy and efficiency:
Improved decision making:
Analysis of alternatives
Project proposal
Appendix A
Appendix B

From the Paper
"Stakeholders need to be categorised according to the influence and interest they have in the project. Using the template in appendix A, the stakeholders have been categorised according to levels of influence and interest. Those who are high influence/high interest require serious attention and the most effort to satisfy. High influence but less interested stakeholders require effort to keep satisfied but one need not invest a large amount of time honing one's message with them. Low influence/high interest people need to be kept informed and an open communication channel with them should be maintained. Low influence and less interested stakeholders should be monitored but not allowed to attract excessive attention. "

Tags:Stakeholders, Measurable, Organisational, Value

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine and analyze the uses of mathematics in bilingual/bicultural environments, with specific applications as well as in specific communities.

Because of the Supreme Court decision (1974 Lau vs. Nichols) bilingual education is now mandatory (McNichols 111-15). Mathematics is an ever present, recurring part of daily life. This provides an excellent opportunity for the inclusion of bilingual/bicultural aspects in mathematics.

Because of this decision it now becomes essential to train bilingual teachers in all academic subjects and at all academic levels, including preschool. The states of California, New Mexico, Florida, Pennsylvania, Alaska, Arizona, Illinois, New York, Maine, Connecticut, and Colorado are "working toward ... "

Abstract
This paper first relates that accounting is an important aspect of business, which helps management and other user of the information to see an accurate economic picture of the entity's financial position and productivity and to forecast future financial trends. The paper then reviews the work of the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), which were established to create and enforce standards and principles in the accounting profession. The paper underscores that ethics play an integral part in accounting as institutionalized by the profession's code of ethics.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Relationship among the FASB, SEC, and PCAOB
Explanations of Basic Accounting Theories, Assumptions, and Principles
Concepts and Principles Related to the Entire Model
Concepts and Principles Related to Transactions
Concepts and Principles Related to Bookkeeping Procedures and the Accounting Process
Concepts and Principles Related to Financial Statements
An Evaluation of the Role of Ethics in Accounting
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In order for one to make decision and informed judgments based on an entity's financial statements one needs to have an understanding of the basic accounting theories, assumptions, and principles. "Accounting theory creates a framework that ensures that accounting practice complies with the requirements of conformity and uniformity. This theory is embodied in a set of principles, policies, methods, procedures and conventions." Concepts and principles of accounting have been generally accepted and are more like guidelines to practice rather than law or rules."

Tags:oversight, principles, transactions, bookkeeping, statements

Abstract
In this paper, the author traces the history of accounting from the days of early civilization by looking at its gradual development over the next centuries during which writing was invented by accountants; the "invention" of money, banking, and credit during the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations; the introduction of the innovative double entry bookkeeping system by accountants in the 16th century that fueled the Italian Renaissance; the use of sophisticated cost accounting techniques by smart entrepreneurs during the Industrial Revolution; the expanding role of accounting in businesses in the late 19th and early 20th century, and finally, the current state of the accounting profession.

Outline:
The Earliest Traces of "Accounting" in History
Mesopotamian Accountants Invent Writing
Accounting in Ancient Egypt and China
Invention of Coined Money and Banking
Accounting in Medieval Age
Invention of Double Book-keeping by Italian Merchants
Accounting's Role in the Industrial Revolution
Expanding Role of Accounting
The Current State of the Accounting Profession

From the Paper
"Increasing government regulations such as the Bankruptcy Act of 1869 in Britain increased the accountants' role in bankruptcy and liquidations. The Companies Act of 1862 required banks to be audited and the audit became mandatory for all public companies by the end of the century. This further expanded the role of the accountant in auditing. Industrialization in other countries of Europe and the United States at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century, and the rise of big business coincided with the invention of important accounting and business gadgets such as the calculator, typewriter, and tabulating machines. This gave a further boost to accounting and it gradually became an established profession. Accounting firms such as Cooper Brothers (later, Coopers & Lybrand) were formed and big business firms such as Carnegie Steel adopted sophisticated cost accounting to control operations, cut costs, and even eliminate competition to earn huge profits (Ibid). Du Pont, J.P. Morgan, Standard Oil, and General Motors were other big business firms in the U.S. that thrived after adopting modern cost accounting methods."

Tags:civilization, bookkeeping, money, techniques, profession, modern

Abstract
Examines the use of business records as a tool of business management. Defines assets, liabilities, double-entry bookkeeping, balance sheet, accrual method of accounting, hands-on bookkeeping system, and check writing.

From the Paper
"This research describes how to establish successful accounting practices for a small retail outlet that does not require the services of a full-time accountant. Poor financial record keeping is recognized as one of the major factors of small-business ..."

Abstract
This paper relates that Economic Value Added (EVA) may truly be considered the new "hottest thing" in accounting theory because it aims at eliminating the problems accounting faces today by incorporated the concept of a "true economic profit" into accounting and bookkeeping. The author points out that one of the errors accountants usually make, which leads to distorted reporting of a company's earnings, is the fact that equity capital is not taken into consideration as a cost. The paper stresses that stock options grants are an expense and that stock options are a form of compensation, which should be expensed as exercise rights vest.

Table of Contents
The Cost of Equity Capital
Operating vs. Financing Decisions
Pension Plan Accounting
Full Cost Accounting
Stock Options

From the Paper
"Stewart suggests that the pension cost (which is to be determined) should be calculated as the difference between the service cost on one side and the difference between the fund return and the liability interest. The fund return is determined as the return on a portfolio of bonds of similar characteristics with the pension fund, so that in the end the return on the fund and the liability interest will cancel one another. In this way, the pension cost will be equal to its service cost."

Tags:enron, pension, stock, equity, capital

Abstract
This paper examines the importance of education in the role of training accountants for their profession. It looks at professional standards, requirements and practices and explores what educational paths must be taken to become an accountant. The paper shows why accountants are not just glorified bookkeepers, but actually require a deeper and more intense professional training background to do their jobs.

From the Paper
"Accountants must be trained to be able to arrive at an all-inclusive view of the financial and the legal issues of a business, foreseeing the effect of every sort of transaction on the profit-and-loss statement of a business. Additionally, an accountant needs to be able to recognize and classify all additional factors that could determine the true condition of a business, such as statistics or memos relating to production issues, property and financial records, expenditures, receipts, fiscal changes, and present standing within the business community. (Henning and Torbin ) In a branch of accounting called, "cost accounting," the actual cost, over a certain period of time, of particular services rendered or of articles produced. By using the cost accounting system unprofitable ventures, services, departments, and methods may be discovered."

Tags:auditing, CPA, AAPA

Abstract
This paper investigates Economic Value Added, or EVA, invented and promoted by Stern Stewart & Co. The author points out that this theory is aimed at eliminating the problems that accounting faces today by incorporating the concept of a "true economic profit" into accounting and bookkeeping. The paper states that the EVA concept intends to align reported earnings, something which shareholders always take into consideration when investing in a company, with the actual capital that was loaned by the company.

Table of Contents
The Cost of Equity Capital
Operating vs. Financing Decisions
Pension Plan Accounting
Full Cost Accounting
Stock Options

From the Paper
"One of the errors that accountants usually makes and that leads to distorted reporting on a company's earnings is the fact that equity capital is not taken into consideration as a cost. If debt is considered a cost and debt interest is noted as an expense, than why not see equity as a cost as well, seeing that it is not a free resource, but something invested by shareholders into the company and funds put into the company. As Bennett Stewart points out, "the cost of equity is not a cash cost, it is an opportunity cost". Indeed, it is the equivalent return that a shareholder would expect to earn by investing in other stocks from companies of comparable risk."

Tags:profit, equity, pension, cost, options