Abstract
This paper examines the condition, which is a congenital defect that is present at the birth of a child. It explains that it is caused by problems with early development of the spine, the main defect being the failure of the closure of the vertebral column, that is, the bony column that surrounds the spinal cord. It also shows that, without this closure, the spinal cord is not afforded the usual protection of the vertebrae and is left open to either mechanical injury or invasion by infection.

From the Paper
"However, spina bifida may be treated with utero surgery. While this is a risky yet promising procedure, it appears to improve short-term outcomes (Worcester, 2003). Dr. Joseph Bruner, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Vanderbilt, states that, ?To date, more than 250 surgeries to repair the lesions associated with spina bifida have been performed at centers such as Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the University of California, San Francisco, and Vanderbilt University.? In utero repair has several advantages over postnatal surgery. They include potentially fewer urinary infections, less gastrointestinal reflux, improved fetal leg function and cognitive development, and less need for shunt placement with careful patient selection."

Tags:utero, surgery, vertebral, spine, cord

Abstract
The paper relates that bones are one of the hardest structures within the human body as well as one of the strongest biological materials in existence (White 14). The paper discusses how bones are organs that are a part of the musculoskeletal system, a system of bony levers operated by muscles. The paper notes that any connection between different skeletal elements is called a joint and bones are mineralized collagen fibril.

From the Paper
"Bones are one of the hardest structures within the human body as well as one of the strongest biological materials in existence (White, p.14). Bones are organs that are a part of the musculo -skeletal system, a system of bony levers operated by muscles. Any connection between different skeletal elements is called a joint. Bones are mineralized collagen fibril. "The basic building block of the bone family of materials is the mineralized collagen fibril. It is composed of the fibrous protein"..."

Tags:bones, anatomy, disease

Abstract
This paper analyzes numerous films of the 1960s which focused on specific social issues, such as the sexual revolution, women's rights and feminism, the military/industrial complex, domestic violence and the breakdown of societal mores and ethics. The five important films referred to are all considered as quintessential examples of 1960s cinema--"The Apartment", "Dr. Strangelove", "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", "Bonnie and Clyde" and "Cool Hand Luke".

From the Paper
"In the 1960 comedy/drama "The Apartment", starring Jack Lemmon, Shirley MacLaine, Fred MacMurray, Ray Walston and Edie Adams, director Billy Wilder focuses on the main character, C.C. Baxter (Lemmon), an ambitious and somewhat gullible young insurance clerk who tries to advance his social standing by lending his apartment key to several high-ranking executives who are prone to cheating on their wives. But when Baxter meets and falls madly in love with Fran Kubelik (MacLaine), the apartment building's elevator operator, it suddenly dawns on him that Fran is the same woman that his boss (MacMurray), a so-called happily married man, has been taking to his apartment for numerous sexual romps."

Tags:virginia, woolf, dr, strangelove, apartment, afraid, bonie, clyde, cool, hand, luke