Abstract
The paper relates that bones are one of the hardest structures within the human body as well as one of the strongest biological materials in existence (White 14). The paper discusses how bones are organs that are a part of the musculoskeletal system, a system of bony levers operated by muscles. The paper notes that any connection between different skeletal elements is called a joint and bones are mineralized collagen fibril.

From the Paper
"Bones are one of the hardest structures within the human body as well as one of the strongest biological materials in existence (White, p.14). Bones are organs that are a part of the musculo -skeletal system, a system of bony levers operated by muscles. Any connection between different skeletal elements is called a joint. Bones are mineralized collagen fibril. "The basic building block of the bone family of materials is the mineralized collagen fibril. It is composed of the fibrous protein"..."

Tags:bones, anatomy, disease

Abstract
This paper discusses various elements of Asian religions and how it is intertwined in Crane's novel "Bones of the Master." These elements include pilgrimage, master/disciple relationship and the importance of meditation. The book is a true story of a man on a spiritual quest for the truth.

From the Paper
"The concept of the teacher and the student is prevalent in Bones of the Master. When beginning a religious path, it is most widely agreed that the best place to start is by finding a teacher, or a master. It is this teacher, that can guide the student towards proper meditation techniques and passing their wisdom down to the student. In his younger days, Tsung Tsai found his master in Shiuh Deng. One of the key teachings of a Buddhist master is the art of meditation. For one who is seeking a religious path, the most important aspect to learn is meditation."

Tags:bones, buddhism, crane, george, master, meditation, tsai, tsung

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the effects of age on bones focusing on how this relates to sports such as marathon walking or running. Intervening variables as well as the possibility of bone disease such as osteoporosis are also discussed. Conclusions are formulated on the basis of the reviewed literature.

From the Paper
"Think of the beating that your muscle and bones are about to take and how long it may take you to recover depending upon your age. This paper examines the effects of age on bones with a special focus on how this relates to sports such as marathon walking or running. Intervening variables as well as the possibility ..."

Tags:bone, heath, sports, age, marathon

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that cremation has long been in practice and once was the only process by which ancient men would dispose of their dead. The writer discusses that cremated bones, though archeologically available only in small fragmented pieces, can become the gateway through which one can travel back in time and study the culture and traditions of a society long gone and lost in the realms of time and history. The writer studies what a cremated bone is and what information can be obtained from cremated bones regarding a person's society. This study aims to demystify the cremated bones and shed some light on them.

Outline:
Cremated Bones - A Definition
Brief History of Cremated Bones
The Process of Cremation
Information available from Cremated Bones about Society & Individual
Dating Cremated Bones
Survival of Cremated Bones
Summary

From the Paper
"The age of civilization can be predicted with the help of this. Study of a cremated bone would also tell us about age of the cremated individual as to whether he was an adult or a child. The age could be ascertained from various remaining bone fragments like parts of the skull having cranial sutures, not completely ossified parts of long bones, unfused epiphyses and diaphyses. Teeth which have not erupted at the time of death, as in a child, generally survive the intense heat and can tell a rough estimate of the age of the individual. Smaller bones like seamaids, terminal phalanges often survive bone fragmentation thus allowing a detailed study. Bones can also be recognised from their fragmentation pattern which follows a regular pattern and is not random. The fragmentation pattern depends on the anatomy of the bone and an experienced person can tell at once just by looking at it as to what part of the bone the fragmented part belonged to."

Tags:human, fragments, crematorium, tradition

Abstract
"The Lovely Bones", by Alice Sebold, is an example of a cult text that finds itself driven into popular culture by its word of mouth circulation. Its symptomatic imagery, encompassing middle-class American life, sends it into the category of American iconic text. The paper shows that the text's most powerful symbol is the house, the home, that which itself is a symbol of American prosperity, attainment, and ideal living. It shows that the house is the heart of "The Lovely Bones" subtext, other metaphors of life drawing from this grounded point. The paper examines how the house also works as a motif within the text, the place where the characters live, where they feel out their grief, individually try to reconstruct, as well as where murders are plotted and bones counted. The house serves as subject to those who dwell within.

From the Paper
"The sudden popularity of Lovely Bones comes from its symptomatic appeal to American values, desires, and anxieties found within the ideas of family, home, and community. The doubling of house based scenes joins the positive and negative images of theses ideas. The reader may then respond to and identify these separated feelings about the places in which they live. These anxieties are felt out through the subversion of home, seen through the psyche of George Harvey, along with the styling of house through contemporary gothic imagery. Kitchen, living room, bathroom, bedrooms, basement are all subject to the uses put to them by the occupant(s). The Salmon's home is warm, busy, juxtaposed to Mr. Harvey's house which is described as cold and still. The eerie feelings, which are derived from the images of Mr. Harvey's house, are created through these comparisons and the cool in which these details are given."

Tags:George, Harvey, Susie, Salmon, Ruana

Abstract
This paper explains that, in the religion of the Shang civilization, which was based on the worship of ancestral spirits and Shang Di, the supreme God, important decisions were made in the ancestral temple through divination by the oracle bones. The author points out that oracle bones also were used to record astronomical events. The paper states that the character 'yue' appears quite often in the oracle bone inscriptions as a pictograph of one range of mountains above another and is the object of sacrifices.

From the Paper
"The exact political status of the Huanbei Shang City is unknown, however, the walled city is probably one of the Shang capitals due to its huge size and geographic location. From traditional accounts, it was believed that the 19th king, Pan Geng, moved the capital to Yin, however, the oracle bone inscriptions from Yinxu only details the period from the reign of the 22nd king, Wu Ding to the 30th and last king of the Shang dynasty, Xin. Therefore, Yinxu probably did not become the capital until the reign of Wu Ding and Huanbei most likely was the capital of Pan Geng and the two succeeding kings. Moreover, inscribed oracle bones discovered in the area have enabled researchers to reconstruct the Shang royal genealogy. For nearly a century now, scholars have been reading the oracle bones to detail Chinese history."

Tags:marchmounts, astronomical, decisions, inscriptions, yue

Abstract
This paper explains that Dr. Douglas Ubelaker states in "Bones: A Forensic Detective's Casebook" that human bones often can tell the trained scientist more about the individual, even an individual's geographic origin, lifestyle or occupation, than the friends or relatives ever could. The author points out that Dr Ubelaker credits the 33,000 individual skeletons housed in the Smithsonian with helping him in every forensic case described in the book. The paper relates that identifying remains is an arduous task and is often made more difficult when someone attempts to cover up the crime or the identity of the victim through such methods as fire.

From the Paper
"One case early in the book is of a black woman who was discovered in rural Ohio. As is the case in this book, all that remained were bones. Race, approximate age and sex were first determined. Without available dental records or x-rays, a photograph of the possible victim was sent with the bones. At Smithsonian, Ubelaker compared the bones of the victim with bones in the museum. He was able to say with a great amount of certainty that the photograph was of that of the individual to whom the bones belonged."

Tags:smithsonisn, fire, children, identification, trauma

Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of a number of Koans from Zen Buddhism in the book "Zen Flesh, Zen Bones." The analysis argues that the paradoxes embodied in the Koans are purposefully embedded in them to help practitioners of Zen Buddhism discover enlightenment through deeper contemplation or meditation.

From the Paper
" The Zen Koans are parables or riddles within the faith known as Buddhism. The Koans are dialogue exchanges. In their embodiment of paradox the Koans can be at once both meaningful and meaningless. It is this coexistence of meaningful and meaningless that speaks to the overall principle of Buddhism, of acceptance of all things in the universe. Zen Buddhism promotes contemplation of things that provide meaning in existence but also focuses on the meaninglessness of human desire and material possessions. This is why the..."

Tags:consciousness, meaning, meaningless, existence, truth, awareness, extremes, material world, soul, mind, body

Abstract
The paper discusses " The Farming of Bones" and examines how Edwidge Danticat produces a powerful and lyrical work that explores the suffering and mass murder of Haitians unfortunate enough to live and work in the Dominican Republic during the heyday of Dictator Rafael Trujillo in the late 1930s. Among the many powerful evocations in the work is Danticat's haunting use of the concept of remembrance. In her case she uses the idea of memory and loss to evoke an aching reminder of all those whose lives were taken, but who have now been lost to the mists of time.

Tags:death, violence, remembrance

Abstract
This paper discusses "A Morbid Taste for Bones," written by Ellis Peters. The paper describes how, while the story follows the basic formula for a murder mystery, it is made more powerful than an ordinary detective tale due to the fact that it is set during the Middle Ages. The paper discusses the tale and how the author succeeds in bringing the events of the Middle Ages to life.

From the Paper
"This far-off historical period is made more accessible to contemporary readers, even readers who know little about the Middle Ages by the engaging personality of its hero, Brother Cadfael. It might be very difficult to relate to person of an era who took the words of the Bible literally, who believed in dreams as prophesy, and the absolute sanctity of holy relics. But Brother Cadfael, although a devoutly religious man, is also realistic and humorous. He did not choose a religious vocation when he was very young, like Brother Jerome and most of the other members of his holy order. Cadfael spent most of his life fighting in Jerusalem, in the Crusades. Now, he is happy to put his worldly cares behind him, having seen the world and all of its ugliness. Although he occasionally chafes against the restrictions of the monastic life, as when his prayers take him away from tending his beloved, medicinal herbal garden, he usually strives to be obedient and good: "He had, after all, chosen this cloistered life with his eyes open" (1)."

Tags:Cadfael, style, murder