Abstract This paper reviews and discusses osteoporosis, a disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue that most often results in enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk. The paper further discusses the positive impact of exercise on women suffering from osteoporosis.
From the Paper "Ernst's (1998) review of 21 controlled studies on the subject of osteoporosis and exercise concludes that. "Collectively, however, these studies leave little doubt that regular exercise can delay or halt bone loss in women." Specifically, he reports that exercises not involving any loading are not effective, or considerably less effective, than weight-bearing exercises. The optimal exercise regimen should thus avoid further bone loss and reduce injury risks. Weight-bearing exercises, as weight-lifting, jumping and running, appear best suited for improving bone mass. However, they can carry a risk of injury: patients experienced a higher than average incidence of vertebral fractures if they executed exercises with their spines flexed."
Tags:bone, exercise, mineral, postmenopausal, fractures, women, study
Abstract This paper discusses various elements of Asian religions and how it is intertwined in Crane's novel "Bones of the Master". These elements include pilgrimage, master/disciple relationship and the importance of meditation. The book is a true story of a man on a spiritual quest for the truth.
From the Paper "The concept of the teacher and the student is prevalent in Bones of the Master. When beginning a religious path, it is most widely agreed that the best place to start is by finding a teacher, or a master. It is this teacher, that can guide the student towards proper meditation techniques and passing their wisdom down to the student. In his younger days, Tsung Tsai found his master in Shiuh Deng. One of the key teachings of a Buddhist master is the art of meditation. For one who is seeking a religious path, the most important aspect to learn is meditation."
Abstract The paper discusses the function of bones and identifies the five types of bones and their seven levels of bone structure. The paper looks at three types of bone cells and summarizes the most common medical conditions that affect bones.
Outline:
Introduction
Function
Bone Types
Hierarchical Organization of Structures
Bone Cells
Medical Conditions
From the Paper "Bones also have a degree of toughness and elasticity that are required by their function. An examination of a bone structure will reveal that it is made up of two types of tissue. The first type of tissue is located on the external side and it is dense in texture and it is called compact tissue. The second type located internally is made up of thin fibres and lamellae, which are joined to form a lattice like reticular structure called cancellous tissue."
Abstract "The Lovely Bones", by Alice Sebold, is an example of a cult text that finds itself driven into popular culture by its word of mouth circulation. Its symptomatic imagery, encompassing middle-class American life, sends it into the category of American iconic text. The paper shows that the text's most powerful symbol is the house, the home, that which itself is a symbol of American prosperity, attainment, and ideal living. It shows that the house is the heart of "The Lovely Bones" subtext, other metaphors of life drawing from this grounded point. The paper examines how the house also works as a motif within the text, the place where the characters live, where they feel out their grief, individually try to reconstruct, as well as where murders are plotted and bones counted. The house serves as subject to those who dwell within.
From the Paper "The sudden popularity of Lovely Bones comes from its symptomatic appeal to American values, desires, and anxieties found within the ideas of family, home, and community. The doubling of house based scenes joins the positive and negative images of theses ideas. The reader may then respond to and identify these separated feelings about the places in which they live. These anxieties are felt out through the subversion of home, seen through the psyche of George Harvey, along with the styling of house through contemporary gothic imagery. Kitchen, living room, bathroom, bedrooms, basement are all subject to the uses put to them by the occupant(s). The Salmon's home is warm, busy, juxtaposed to Mr. Harvey's house which is described as cold and still. The eerie feelings, which are derived from the images of Mr. Harvey's house, are created through these comparisons and the cool in which these details are given."
Abstract This paper presents a detailed look at the femur bone and its purpose in the body. We take a tour of anatomy as well as explore some of the injuries and disorders that can occur with this particular bone.
This paper discusses the role of oracle bones, the earliest form of Chinese writing, as an important source for understanding the development of written Chinese and the Shang society.
Abstract This paper explains that, in the religion of the Shang civilization, which was based on the worship of ancestral spirits and Shang Di, the supreme God, important decisions were made in the ancestral temple through divination by the oracle bones. The author points out that oracle bones also were used to record astronomical events. The paper states that the character 'yue' appears quite often in the oracle bone inscriptions as a pictograph of one range of mountains above another and is the object of sacrifices.
From the Paper "The exact political status of the Huanbei Shang City is unknown, however, the walled city is probably one of the Shang capitals due to its huge size and geographic location. From traditional accounts, it was believed that the 19th king, Pan Geng, moved the capital to Yin, however, the oracle bone inscriptions from Yinxu only details the period from the reign of the 22nd king, Wu Ding to the 30th and last king of the Shang dynasty, Xin. Therefore, Yinxu probably did not become the capital until the reign of Wu Ding and Huanbei most likely was the capital of Pan Geng and the two succeeding kings. Moreover, inscribed oracle bones discovered in the area have enabled researchers to reconstruct the Shang royal genealogy. For nearly a century now, scholars have been reading the oracle bones to detail Chinese history."
Abstract A physician office wants to install bone density equipment but is not certain about types of machines to purchase and their price. This report therefore focuses on the available products and expert opinions in connection with that equipment. Cost of the bone density procedures and machines have also been briefly mentioned so that a physician would be able to estimate the possible costs involved and expected increase in revenues. The author of the paper uses graphs and photographs to illustrate certain points.
From the Paper "Norland manufactures some of the best products available for bone density measurement. The machines that any physician office would require for this procedure are easily available through this company but let us first mention what machines would be needed for this purpose. It has been noticed that mostly the machines required for this purpose. There are two types of procedures through which bone density can be measured. The first one being the DEXA method, which uses x-rays to measure bone density. X ray method is fast and painless and is partly covered by insurance. The other procedure is carried out through CT scan. Both these procedures would study the bone mineral density of patient's body and then compare it with a healthy person's bone density to find out if there is any risk of osteoporosis to the person."
Tags: DEXA, radiology, osteometer, meditech, osteoporosis, FDA
Abstract Discusses the roles of calcium and phosphate in bone disease. How calcium works in the body. Phosphate of the body as a buffer system contained in bone. Food sources of phosphorous and calcium. Low calcium levels and osteoporosis. Postmenopausal, Senile and Juvenile osteoporosis. Hormone deficiencies. Treatment of osteoporosis; effective factors.
From the Paper "Calcium and phosphate metabolism, and bone disease
Calcium is responsible for several bodily functions which include muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, blood clotting, cellular communications, skin differentiation, and the functioning of many enzymes (Altruis Biomedical Network, 2001; Berkow, Beers and Fletcher, 1997). Calcium is found mainly in the bones, but some is also present in cells and in the bloodstream. The amount of calcium present in cells and in the blood is controlled very precisely by two hormones: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Cacitonin is produced by cells in the thyroid and parathyroid glands and the thymus. It lowers blood calcium levels by promoting the uptake of calcium by bone. Parathyroid hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands, four small glands located on the thyroid glands in the neck."
Abstract This paper analyzes the characterization in the novel, "The Bone People", by Keri Hulme. The manner in which Hulme develops the characters of Simon, Joe, and Keriwen are evaluated, as is the question of how this development succeeds in making The Bone People such a compelling novel.
Abstract This paper stresses that, even when speaking of the natural processes, it has been difficult to determine whether alterations to bone were by burning and heating, which would indicate cannibalism for nutrition, or by natural processes. The author points out that whether homo sapiens practiced cannibalism, the American Association for the Advancement of Science has come in on the side of the cannibalism debate, at least as far as our ancestor Neanderthals go. The paper indicates that the research on cut marks on bone is divided into prehistoric sites, early historic sites, and sites where there is a generally reliable linguistic record.
Table of Contents
The Beginning of the Debate
The Debate Filters Out of Academia
International Debate
Pro-cannibalism Evidence
The Oldest Part of the Debate Continues Under Investigation
Violence and Death, Without Cannibalism
Modern Cannibalism
Modern Deaths and Cut Marks
From the Paper "While the controversy about cannibalism vis a vis cut marks originated in Asian sites, it has become a hot topic vis a vis U.S. sites in the southwest as well, and not only concerning the Anasazi. Billman, Lambert and Leonard grappled with it in excavating 5MT10010, a small early Pueblo III habitation site in southwestern Colorado. They examined battered, broken bones from seven individuals in two adjacent pithouses there, including mixed and incomplete remains of four adults and an adolescent, and the remains of two subadults."
Abstract This paper reviews studies that support the theory that high soy diets have a beneficial effect on the relative density or mineral content of bones, as well as studies that have shown no connection between bone health and high soy diets. The paper concludes that, while evidence is inconclusive regarding the role that soy may play in women's health, the general nutritional benefits of soy protein are, nonetheless, well-established.
From the Paper "Soy, a protein-rich legume, has been prominently featured in the traditional cuisines of Far Eastern cultures for thousands of years. In addition to its high protein content, soy also contains the other two macronutrients, carbohydrates and fats, as well as many vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients such as calcium, folic acid, and iron. Dietary sources of soy protein include soybeans, tofu, beans curd, tempeh, miso, and soymilk. Since it represents a vegetable source of high quality complete protein, containing all of the essential amino acids, soy is particularly valued by vegetarians, who must derive all their dietary protein from vegetables rather than from animal products.(DGPL)"
This paper reviews the book "Bones: A Forensic Detective's Casebook" by Dr. Douglas Ubelaker, which discusses physical anthropology and its use in forensics.
845 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 0 sources, 2006, $ 30.95
Abstract This paper explains that Dr. Douglas Ubelaker states in "Bones: A Forensic Detective's Casebook" that human bones often can tell the trained scientist more about the individual, even an individual's geographic origin, lifestyle or occupation, than the friends or relatives ever could. The author points out that Dr Ubelaker credits the 33,000 individual skeletons housed in the Smithsonian with helping him in every forensic case described in the book. The paper relates that identifying remains is an arduous task and is often made more difficult when someone attempts to cover up the crime or the identity of the victim through such methods as fire.
From the Paper "One case early in the book is of a black woman who was discovered in rural Ohio. As is the case in this book, all that remained were bones. Race, approximate age and sex were first determined. Without available dental records or x-rays, a photograph of the possible victim was sent with the bones. At Smithsonian, Ubelaker compared the bones of the victim with bones in the museum. He was able to say with a great amount of certainty that the photograph was of that of the individual to whom the bones belonged."
Abstract This paper first looks at bone tissues, the structure of bone, and its function. It then looks at different features of the axial skeleton, then features of the appendicular skeleton. Finally it looks at the articulations and at the properties of different types of joints.
From the Paper "Endochondral ossification begins with the proliferation and aggregation of mesenchymal cells at the site where new bone is to be formed. The mesenchymal cells then differentiate into chondroblasts and produce the matrix of cartilage. The hyaline cartilage produced at this stage acquires the general shape of the bone that is to be formed and is a cartilage model of that bone. Once a cartilage model for the new..."
Abstract This paper examines ProstaScint imaging effectiveness and accuracy in detecting distant metastases and specifically bone metastases. The study specifically seeks findings concerning false positive and false negative results and the inaccuracies or accuracies in diagnosis of metastatic bone lesions due to prostrate cancer.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Statement of Thesis
Literature Review
Summary of Findings
From the Paper "While ProstaScint does have limitations in use due to the risk for false positive readings when used by inexperienced clinical staff ProstaScint is a very useful tool in detecting lymph node metastases especially in newly diagnosed patients and moreover the use of ProstaScint in those with a high-risk disease enables the appropriate selection of patients for therapies that are potentially curative in nature. It is likely that with advanced knowledge and experience in this procedures that even more success will be realized in its use. Proper training of staff in the use of ProstaScint imaging and diagnosis of images is noted as being specifically relevant in the successful use of this technique."
Abstract Exercise affects bone density in children and adolescents. According to recent information from the government's first comprehensive study of sports injuries, 2.6 million children and young adults playing sports end up in the emergency room each year at a cost of $500 million.
