Abstract
The paper explains that the yield to maturity concept is a measurement of the return of the bonds, and it is used to value the bond, to see the overall worth of the instrument. The paper discusses the benchmark valuations: if the bond's current yield is less than its yield to maturity, then the bond is selling at a discount, if the yield to maturity is less than the current yield then the bond is selling at a premium. The paper also explains that if the yield to maturity is equal to the bond's current yield, then it is selling at par.

From the Paper
"A bond is comprised is a long term security, for which the holder (purchaser) is owed by the issuer, the principal and interest (coupon payments) at a specified maturity date. Bonds are usually issued for more than ten years. A bond is more of a long term loan, and it is usually used by government entities especially for monetary policy (although private companies use bonds to gain capital). Although bonds and stock are types of securities, they differ in terms of maturity date and the fact that bond holders do not own parts of the company; however with stock holders own a part of the issuing company or..."

Tags:bonds, yield, maturity

Abstract
The following paper will argue that Leonard Blusse's, Bitter Bonds, is an excellent introduction to the intersection of race, gender and class in Asia and Europe during the seventeenth century. The next several pages will look at such things as how Dutch law subordinated women and how socio-economic strivings and realities often compelled the formation of marriages predicated more upon a desire for money than for anything else; some time will also be devoted to showing how Blusse captures the racist attitudes that often doomed - or at least complicated - inter-marriages between Dutch men and Asian women. Finally, and not least of all, it will be pointed out how Blusse's text, by presenting the parties in his narrative as human beings deserving of some sympathy (if not whole-hearted support) breathes an air of authenticity into the work by suggesting that they are victims (yes, even Johan Bitter is a victim) of a culture that explicitly sets up hierarchies formulated along race, class and gender lines.

From the Paper
Illuminating the Intersections of Race, Gender and Class in Asia and Europe during the Seventeenth Century: A Review of Bitter Bonds by Leonard Blusse The following paper will argue that Leonard Blusse's, Bitter Bonds, is an excellent introduction to the intersection of race, gender and class in Asia and Europe during the seventeenth century. The next several pages will look at such things as how Dutch law subordinated women and how socio-economic strivings and realities often compelled the formation of marriages predicated more upon a desire for money than for anything else; some time will also be devoted to showing how Blusse captures the racist

Tags:blusse, leonard, bonds

Abstract
The seven-page paper looks at the development of Junk bonds and LBO in the economic sector. It explores it impacts on the economy.

Tags:junk, bonds, lbo

Abstract
This article looks at the social control theory of social bonds. The writer studies the theory of social learning within the context of neglected babies. The writer examines how such a situation affects their behavior as teenagers and adults. In this paper, the writer also discusses sources of human behavior.

From the Paper
"What is the source of human behavior? Why is it that when babies become children and children become teenagers their behaviors can differ so greatly from one another? The theories regarding the source of teenager behavior and the scope of their activities however acceptable or deviant they may be, have been central to the disciplines of juvenile psychology, sociology and criminology for decades. When babies are born and deprived from love and contact from loving ... "

Tags:deviance, criminology, aggression, psychology, sociology, theory, Bandura, Hirschi, social bonds, social learning

Abstract
This paper relates the characteristics of stocks that make them difficult to value. The author points out the characteristics of bonds that allow for a more precise valuation. The paper explains the terms involved in a discussion of long-term bonds.

From the Paper
"Stocks are difficult to value; to some extent their value is subjective. The value relates to the perceived strength of the company as measured by its financial condition management expertise distribution network market reputation effectiveness of its advertising campaign strength or weakness of its competitors product mix patents owned and future prospects. Most of these factors are highly subjective in nature and the way in which one investor views the combination of factors that go into determining the value of a ..."

Tags:stock, and, bond, valuation

Abstract
This paper looks at bonds, a splitting of a very large loan into many easily transferable notes or units. It discusses how each bond is a long-term investment, which also bears an interest and how, after being issued, the bond is sold to the investing public with the result that there are multiple bondholders participating in one loan. Through an analysis of the different types of bonds available, it attempts to advise on the right bond for the right situation.

Outline
Abstract
Introduction
What are Bonds?
Issuance of Bonds
Liquidity of Bonds
U.S. Government Bonds
Municipal Bonds
Corporate Bonds
Zero-Coupon Bonds
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Bonds have never been as attractive to investor as stocks, and in recent years bonds look plain and confusing. Who needs them? And while stocks have averaged 11% annual returns over time, bonds have dropped down to less than 6%. The happened in 1998, when bonds posted an 8.6% total return and stocks took 26.7%. It was the fourth straight year of 20%-plus gains for the S&P 500 index (Morgan Stanley). Well, don't be fooled. Stocks won't always give you such great returns. And it's often the case that when stocks go down, bonds go up, making them an excellent source for diversifying your portfolio. In the third quarter of 1998, the S&P 500 dropped by 11% due to fear of a global economic slowdown."

Tags:municipal, government, corporate, zero, coupon

Abstract
Bonds are IOUs extended from one entity to another entity as money in exchange for a loan. This paper explains that the three major types of bonds are U.S. government bonds, corporate bonds, and zero coupon bonds. Within these three major categories exist many other, major subcategories. It shows how a secure U.S. Treasury may be appropriate for one kind of investor, while a high-risk, callable corporate bond might be appropriate for another. The writer points out that most investors will seek, ideally, a diverse portfolio among a variety of these different types of securities, with varying levels of risk; a high risk gives an investor a higher yield than a low risk. The paper explains that bonds can be purchased through brokers and are traded in the open market. It concludes that the value of the bond varies according to the interest rate, although in general, government bonds are less risky than corporate bonds.

From the Paper
"According to economist Kevin Heckinger (2002), while the average investor in these MSNBC-happy watching times may feel that he or she knows about the basics of investing in the stock market, many people remain puzzled as to what bonds are and the ins and outs of investing in various forms of fixed income securities. The average investor may have been issued a bond as a present for graduation, or received a bond as a prize in a contest, or gotten a U.S. Savings Bond as a 'reward' or incentive for buying an appliance, perhaps. But the nature of what a bond means, as opposed to a share in a publicly traded company still remains obscure in public parlance."

Tags:risk, security, portfolio

Abstract
Investors require a return to compensate for any uncertainty associated with cash flows associated with investment. This paper examines how, in the world of investment, all investors walk the line between greed and fear and how stocks and bonds are suitable investments for most individuals.

Outline
Advantages of Buying Different Types of Bonds
Rate of Return of the Bonds
Risk of Bonds
Interest Rates and Bonds

From the Paper
"Most investors want to earn the highest possible yield and growth rate with the lowest possible risk. But maximum profit and low risk are not compatible attributes. As a bond investor, they must be aware of relationship between the risk and potential reward, or opportunity. Risk in its many forms will determine whether an investment is appropriate or not and will it earn the yield you wanted. The different kinds of bond risk are: (1) interest rate risk, (2) default risk, (3) business risk, (4) marketability risk, (5) inflation risk, and (6) event risk."

Tags:risk, yield, investment

Abstract
This paper examines how junk bonds are a consequence of the growing trend of many companies to attract value to their bonds through false propaganda and enticing dividends. It looks at how, although they carry a definite amount of risk associated with them, if invested wisely and prudently, they can also return profits that will be many time higher that the "safer" bonds. It also shows how experts believe that stock market crashes and scams, which are often attributed to the junk bonds, are, in fact, due to the investor's lack of concern for risk in the mad rush to make money.

From the Paper
"The concept of junk bonds becomes relevant when we consider the inherent risk that the share market offers to the customer. According to financial statutes, every bond has what is called as the default risk associated with it. When an issuer of the bond is not able to pay timely dividends to the shareholders, there arises a situation where the company is said to be in default. The bonds that are issued by the US government or federal institutions are said to be relatively free of default risk since the government guarantees it and so the investor can be assured that his money is safe. On the contrary, for the shares of non-federal agencies or private companies, the inherent risk is gauged by what is known as credit ratings, which are issued by independent and competent companies."

Tags:money, dividends, finance, stock, market

Abstract
This paper analyzes the concept of junk bonds. It looks at the inherent risk of junk bonds, what factors determine whether a bond will be labeled a junk bond or an investment-grade bond, why they must offer higher returns to entice customers, and their viability on the investment front. The paper concludes with an overall positive, but cautious, assessment of junk bonds.

From the Paper
"The stock markets are the financial hubs of a country where businesses thrive on the value of their reputation and financial prowess. It is also a place where the investors are often duped by companies that try to create artificial value for themselves. Junk bonds are a consequence of this trend of many companies, which try to attract value to their bonds through false propaganda and enticing dividends. Similarly, the price of a share of even reputed companies depends on a variety of factors and hence, one cannot expect a steady price for a stock no matter how strong the credibility of the company is. This inherent unpredictability in the stock markets required for some kind of official standardization of the bonds so that investors could be forewarned about the performance and risk factors of a particular bond."

Tags:share, market, default, risk, issuer, dividends, shareholder, credit, ratings, moody's, standard, and, poor's