Abstract
This paper explains that Earl R. Beck in his book "Under the Bombs: The German Home Front, 1942-1945" claims to be only telling the story of the bombing of German cities by the Allies in WWII without any analysis of the circumstance surrounding this action. The author states that Beck provides examples that much of the bombing was not done over harbors, bridges, factories or rail lines but in the center of the cities, where the most destruction was of private homes and the families that lived in them; Beck shows no consideration for the horrific actions of the Nazi's. The paper concludes that the book was poorly written and the ideas presented problematical; the author feels that Beck has a warped idea of justice and fairness, in peace as well as in war: To paraphrase George Santayana, those who forget history are condemned to repeat it.

From the Paper
"The reverses in the East made the Nazis more bloodthirsty. This included their own people, who were tried for everything from petty thievery to treason. The idea was to find everyone guilty. It seems there were still eleven guillotines operating in Germany, and the motto for those handling the trials was "liquidate and expropriate" The Nazis' fury at defeat outside their native land had now turned inward, and was aimed at those "defeatists" who did not want to see all the young German men slaughtered. (They obviously feared Russia much more than France or Britain.)"

Tags:story, jewish, allies, warped, women

Abstract
The paper discusses the concerns over the power of the weapon that have primarily been humanitarian, as cluster bombs - shells which release submunitions, or bomblets, from either air or land, with the intention of killing "soft" targets such as enemy soldiers - are unreliable, shedding highly explosive and volatile submunitions over a wide area and often failing to explode on immediate impact. The paper explains that as the target area related to the cluster bomb is wide, and as apparently faulty cluster bombs may be later activated by accidental interference, the threat to civilians lives from delayed detonation is high.

From the Paper
"Is the use of cluster bombs legal, illegal, or sometimes illegal, and sometimes not? Should it be? The cluster bomb and its legitimacy as a weapon of war has recently come under fire, hot on the tails of use during recent conflicts in Iraq, Kosovo and Afghanistan. Concerns over the power of the weapon have primarily been humanitarian, as cluster bombs - shells which release submunitions, or bomblets, from either air or land, with the intention of killing "soft" targets such as enemy soldiers - are unreliable, shedding highly explosive and volatile submunitions over a wide area, often failing..."

Tags:cluster, bombs, illegal

Abstract
This paper discusses the Iraq conflict with regard to the issues surrounding cluster bombs and the humanitarian threat their legality poses. The paper explains that cluster bombs are not always discriminating in their targets, and once fallen, bomblets can remain inactive for some time before exploding. The paper contends that cluster bombs pose an unacceptable risk to civilians, especially children and discusses the lack of global legislation forbidding cluster bomb use. The paper looks at some nations' actions in improving the reliability of cluster munitions, but claims that this does not help when countries use old stockpiles. The paper strongly asserts that it is time for the cluster bomb to be made illegal on the international stage.

Outline:
Introduction
Cluster Bombs: The Facts At A Glance
Cluster Bombs: Position By Country
Are Cluster Bombs Illegal?
Why Cluster Bombs Should Be Made Illegal
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The cluster bomb and its legitimacy as a weapon of war has recently come under fire, hot on the tails of use during recent conflicts in Iraq, Kosovo and Afghanistan. Concerns over the power of the weapon have primarily been humanitarian, as cluster bombs - shells which release submunitions, or bomblets, from either air or land, with the intention of killing "soft" targets such as enemy soldiers - are unreliable, shedding highly explosive and volatile submunitions over a wide area, often failing to explode on immediate impact. As the target area related to the cluster bomb is wide, and as apparently faulty cluster bombs may be later activated by accidental interference, the threat to civilians lives from delayed detonation is high. Recent media attention on cluster bombs has focused on the loss of civilian life in Iraq, one of the most prominent armed conflicts of recent times."

Tags:weapon, munitions, bomblets, humanitarian, detonation, civilians, illegality

Abstract
The paper outlines the true story of a B52 loaded with nuclear bombs that crashed along the Spanish coast, killing seven crew members and spilling the four unarmed hydrogen bombs over a wide area. The author of this paper criticizes the wordy title Moran gives her account but notes that it is a minor point compared to the excellent work in the rest of this book. The author asserts that Moran did a credible job in tracking down the true story, her account of the accident holds the reader's attention and it seems purely objective. The author also feels that the detail Moran spends detailing the local villagers' and fishermen's reactions and response to the crash is the most touching part of this story. The only criticism the author has of this book is that it could have provided, with the benefit of hindsight, some lessons for today.

From the Paper
"This is the true story of a B52 loaded with nuclear bombs that explodes while trying to rendezvous with a tanker aircraft in 1966 over the Spanish town of Palomares for an in-flight refueling, and crashes along the Spanish coast, killing seven crewmembers, spilling the four unarmed hydrogen bombs over a wide area. Each of the weapons is approximately 70 times more powerful than the atomic weapons dropped on Japan during WWII.
"Three of the bombs are recovered very quickly, but the fourth one is in the ocean--no one knows where. After a four-month search, including the use of the Navy's mini-sub, Alvin, the fourth weapon is recovered. In the meantime, in a Cold War environment, Moran traces the chaos among governments, the spin control, massive clean-up effort, and the helpful assistance of the local fishermen and populace.
"Deceptive packaging might be the call for the wordy title Moran gives her true account. The nuclear bombs were unarmed (not hot), and I'm not sure you could call this misadventure the worst nuclear weapons disaster in history--compared to Three Mile Island? The massive catastrophe of Chernobyl in the Soviet Union? The Russian nuclear sub accident? True, seven courageous flight crewmembers were killed, but that doesn't make it a nuclear disaster. However, for gathering headlines and readers, it probably works. This is a minor point, however, compared to her excellent work on the rest of this book."

Tags:Strategic, Air, Command, KC-135, tanker, crew, navigator, pilot

Abstract
This paper argues that the United States should have used other alternatives to end the war with Japan in 1945 and that it only dropped the atom bomb due to internal and external pressures. The paper offers several alternatives, such as showcasing the power of the atomic bomb in a non-combat demonstration and the modification of U.S. demand for unconditional surrender.

From the Paper
"A fourth alternative was the continuance of conventional warfare. The United States could have continued the naval blockade of Japan. This would have slowly caused Japan to run out of food, ammunition, and other necessities and forced them to surrender. Moreover, as Bill Dietrich has noted, the U.S. could have continued the conventional bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which had already destroyed 60 of Japan's cities."

Tags:Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Enola, Gay, Pearl, Harbor, Leaky

Abstract
This paper explains that the people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki had no way to prepare themselves for either the immediate or the lasting effects of the dropping of the atomic bombs. The author points out that the release of energy from this bomb caused massive, unprecedented destruction from the extreme heat, the overpowering blast and dangerous radiation. The paper relates that many people, who feared the complete destruction of mankind as a result of nuclear weaponry, concluded that the only way to avoid this unimaginable catastrophe would be to avoid all wars, even small conflicts that could escalate into an atomic fight. The author relates that the American approach to diplomatic relations with Russia during the Cold War was highly influenced by the existence of the atomic bomb.

From the Paper
"One Japanese Physician, Michihiko Hachiya, recalled in gruesome detail the moment the bomb destroyed his home. He and his wife suffered many injuries, and at several times he lost hope of surviving. He made it through the first day of chaotic post-bombing life. On the morning after the explosion, Hachiya wrote, "Everything was in a turmoil." Hachiya recovered and dedicated the next few months to helping other surviving victims of the explosion. Through the confusion of everything that was going on, he recalled, "One thing was for certain--Hiroshima was destroyed; and with it the army that had been quartered in Hiroshima.""

Tags:morality, horrors, conditions, warfare, secrets

Abstract
Discusses the bombing as a strategic military move, the response to the bombing by two American writers, and William L. Lawrence's view that President Truman's decision to drop the bombs was sound.

From the Paper
"During the summer of 1945 President Harry S. Truman ordered two atomic bombs to be dropped on Japan to end the war. There were those who praised and admired President Truman for taking a decisive step to end the long war. Others, however, questioned the..."

From the Paper
"Purpose Statement
The purpose of this analysis is to present an alternative interpretation of what actually happened in Oklahoma City. This discussion draws together the evidence that two or more explosions took place in the Alfred P. Murrah federal building. If such evidence proves to be credible then the federal government's one-bomb theory is thrown into serious question, and this terrorist act would have to be completely re-examined.

On April, 19, 1995, powerful explosions destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah federal building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. One hundred sixty-eight people died as a result of this terrorist attack (Quayle, 1995). Within hours the FBI had captured a suspect named Timothy McVeigh and within days they arrested an army friend of his, named Terry Nichols, as an alleged accomplice. The FBI and ..."

Abstract
This paper describes the atomic bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. The writer gives statistics in order to highlight the devastation. Also included is an eye-witnesses' testimony. The paper concludes by posing moral questions about the bombing of innocent civilians.

From the Paper
"It was on August 6th, in the year 1945, at 8.15 AM, Japanese time, that the United States of America dropped its first ever atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, so that its usefulness to the enemy could be completely destroyed. According to the then President of the United States, the bomb "...had more power than 20,000 tones of TNT ", and it was also infinitely more powerful than the blast power that the British Grand Slam, purportedly the largest bomb in the history of the world, had. The immediate and direct consequence of the bomb was that more than four square miles of the entire city of Hiroshima were completely and irrevocably destroyed, 66,000 people were killed instantaneously, and 69,000 more were seriously injured. Three days later, another atomic bomb, equally powerful, was dropped on the city of Nagasaki, Japan, and this bomb managed to destroy about 1.5 square miles of the city, and kill about 39,000 people, while injuring 25,000 more. The very next day, the Japanese government asked to surrender, under the 'Potsdam Declaration'. "

Tags:World, War, II, atomic, bomb, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Japan, surrender

Abstract
The paper relates that the details of the November 9, 2005, terrorist bombings in Amman, the capital of Jordan, are relatively simple. The paper describes how, reported in the New York Times the next day, "Terrorist bombs ripped nearly simultaneously through three popular hotels here on Wednesday night, killing dozens and wounding more than 100." This paper briefly describes the details of the bombing incident.

From the Paper
"The details of the November 9, 2005, terrorist bombings in Amman, the capital of Jordan, are relatively simple. As reported in the New York Times the next day, "Terrorist bombs ripped nearly simultaneously through three popular hotels here on Wednesday night, killing dozens and wounding more than 100." The largest number of casualties occurred at the Radisson Hotel, where a large number of Jordanian notables were attending a wedding. By the next day, Thursday, Jordanian police and security forces..."

Tags:jordan, bombing, alqaeda