Abstract
This is a detailed study describing the progression of the Manhattan Project and the invention of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. The author sees two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The author concludes that the building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century.

From the Paper
"We have too many men of science, too few men of God. We have grasped the mystery of the atom and rejected the Sermon of the Mount...The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living..." stated General Omar N. Bradley, Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1948, voicing the opinion, shared by many of the time, towards the building of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. There were two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The project lasted from 1942-1946 and cost approximately 1.8 billion dollars, which is comparable to 20 billion dollars today. The building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century."

Tags:Manhattan, Project, World, War, II, atomic, bomb, invention

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the atomic bomb has dramatically changed the world we live in and will continue to strike fear into every day civilians. The writer looks at the use of the atomic bomb in the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 and discusses the moral implications of the use of the atomic bomb.

From the Paper
"The making of the atomic bomb was inevitable but the use of the atomic bomb was a mistake that will never be forgotten. The atomic bombings of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 ended the bloodiest war in human history, but Japan was on the verge of surrendering anyway, so there was no military justification for the use of these horrific weapons."

Tags:atomic, bomb, issues

Abstract
This paper suggests that the development of the atomic bomb is arguably the most important technical innovation of the twentieth century. The author explains the technical achievement of the atomic bomb. The paper examines some of its socio-cultural effects, namely creating a world in which the end of all human civilization became a real possibility.

From the Paper
"There will be no argument that the 20th century had been characterized by incredible technical innovation and invention. Perhaps more so than any century previously, the 20th century was a particularly ripe period for technology. At a rapidly accelerating pace, it seemed that inventors were creating new technologies that were important - and seemingly indispensable - the world over. However, there was one specific technological development during the 20th century whose development should be understood as more important and influential than the rest."

Tags:atomic, bomb, technology

Abstract
A paper that uses historical perspective and political hindsight to explore the political, social, and economic reasons that Truman may have had for dropping the atomic bomb. A balanced essay that explores the issue from both sides and remains objective.

From the Paper
"In early August 1945 atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These two bombs quickly yielded the surrender of Japan and the end of American involvement in World War II. By 1946 the two bombs caused the death of perhaps as many as 240,000 Japanese citizens (Bernstein 50). The popular, or traditional, view that dominated the 1950s and 60s, put forth by President Harry Truman and Secretary of War Henry Stimson, was that the dropping of the atomic bombs was a solely military action that avoided the loss of as many as a million lives in the upcoming invasion of the island of Kyushu. In the 1960s a second school of thought developed--put forth by "revisionist" historians--that claimed the dropping of the bomb was a diplomatic maneuver aimed at intimidating and gaining the upper hand in relations with Russia. Today, fifty years after the two bombings, with the advantages of historical hindsight and new evidence, a third view, free of obscuring bias and passion, can be presented. First, the dropping of the bomb was born out a complex myriad of military, domestic and diplomatic pressures and concerns. Second, many potentially viable alternatives to dropping the bombs were not explored by Truman and other men in power, as they probably should have been. Lastly, because these alternatives were never explored, we can only conjecture over whether or not Truman's decision to drop atomic bombs was a savior of lives, and by extension, we may never know if Truman's monumental decision was a morally just one."

Tags:atom, bomb, harbour, hiroshima, nagasaki, pearl, truman, war, world, wwii

Abstract
The paper outlines Harry S. Truman's presidency and looks at the history of the atomic bomb and the Manhattan Project. The paper explores the motivations and justification behind Truman's decision to bomb Japan's cities and considers the American public's support for this move. The discusses the view that bombing Japan would cost fewer lives than if America invaded Japan, but also considers the opposition of those who were against this type of warfare. The paper addresses the sentiment today about Truman's decision and concludes that whether it was right or wrong, the world must now ensure it never happens again.

Outline:
Harry S. Truman
The First Atomic Bombs
The History of the Atomic Bomb and the Manhattan Project
Motivations, Oppositions and Actions
Earlier Presidential Statement and Other Motivations
Pathway of Truman's Order, President Truman's Own View and Values
Only One Bomb to be Authorized
To Save American and Japanese Lives
Looking Back: Was the Decision Really Necessary?
The Bomb Reverberates Today
Today's Sentiments About Truman's Decision

From the Paper
"The first nuclear fission weapons were made from fissionable materials, uranium tetrafluoride and plutonium nitrate. Both are radioactive and toxic metallic elements. They were brought in from Hanford into a secret laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico in late 1944. Leading physicist Robert Oppenheimer and his fellow chemists gave form to the materials. The produced 1 gun-type uranium bomb, called "Little Boy," and two implosion-type bomb, called "Fat Man." "Little Boy" contained 135 pounds of 90% pure fissionable material, 2 pounds of which were equivalent to 15-16,000 tons of TNT. As the war with Japan proceeded and when a costly allied invasion appeared clearly possible, President Truman approved the use of these nuclear weapons against selected Japanese targets."

Tags:Pearl, Harbor, nuclear, warfare, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Japan, arms, race

Abstract
This paper explains that the scope of the effect the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki had on modern warfare and science technology is visible only when taking into account the intense scientific processes to create these weapons of mass destruction. The author points out that, at the dawn of World War II, Albert Einstein sent a letter to President Franklin. D. Roosevelt about Nazi Germany's efforts to purify uranium-235, which he warned could result in the building of an atomic bomb. The paper relates that, soon after this letter, the U.S. government started the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans. The author states that the bomb was tested successfully on July 1945 and, a month later, the first bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. The paper concludes that the atomic bomb was considered a "quick" and economical way to win the war; however, it was a cruel form of punishment for the Japanese citizens resulting in slow and painful deaths for many innocent Japanese. The paper includes graphs.

From the Paper
"The most difficult part of the Manhattan Project was how to produce enough enriched Uranium to uphold a chain reaction. Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Only about 1/500th of Uranium ore mined ends up as Uranium metal. Of this metal, the fissionable isotope of Uranium is rare. Fissionable Uranium occurs at a ration of 1 to 139. Separating one part of Uranium-235 from 139 parts of Uranium-238 is challenging. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate the two. Scientists at Columbia University first figured out how. A facility to separate Uranium-235 was set up in Oak Ridge, Tennessee."

Tags:manhattan, uranium, survivors, secret, implosion

Abstract
This paper examines the perspectives of both those who believe the US decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan was the correct decision and those who believe it was not. The paper first explains the perspective of supporters of this act in Japan who argue that use of the atomic bomb hastened the end of World War Two in Asia, which saved countless military and civilian lives. The paper then examines the perspective of others who argue that if any country other than the U.S. had dropped an atomic bomb, the American government would have accused these people of war crimes. The paper also considers the argument that the bombs' destructive force could have been demonstrated without taking so many Japanese civilian lives. The writer offers a personal opinion that this was a cowardly attack, as it wiped out entire cities of people who did not have anything to do with the war. The writer concludes that the atomic bomb may have ended the war earlier than expected, but it also introduced the world to one of the most horrific methods of warfare, which is something that can never be taken back.

From the Paper
"The use of atomic bombs during World War Two is one of the most debated topics in history. These types of weapons had never been used before and they were seen as being particularly brutal. When the United States decided to bomb Japan in retaliation for the attacks on Pearl Harbor, the face of warfare was changed forever. With this new method, a single bomb could wipe out an entire city, killing all of the inhabitants at once. Furthermore, those who survived the initial blast would often wish that they did not, as radiation from the bomb caused cancer in many people, killing them in the years following the war. Since this time, many different countries have successfully developed their own versions of this weapon of mass destruction, which has led to many problems all over the globe."

Tags:World, War, Two, civilians, destruction, radiation, warfare

Abstract
The question of whether or not it was necessary to drop the atomic bomb on Japan and the reasons for doing so is one of the most hotly contested historical issues today. This paper focuses on one of the many arguments against the necessity of the bomb, which deals with the policy of unconditional surrender. Many scholars argue that if Truman would have assured the Japanese leadership that Emperor Hirohito would not be dethroned after Japan's defeat, the atomic bomb would not have been necessary to end the war. The paper provides evidence to support this claim, but in the end, concludes that even the most ardent Japanese peace advocates harbored suicidal sentiments with regard to unconditional surrender and would still refuse to accept Truman's terms after both bombs were dropped.

From the Paper
"There were many advocates pushing for a change since the beginning of the war, but no real progress was made in this endeavor even after 1944 when high ranking military officials pushed for a policy change. They complained that losses would be increasingly heavy as fighting neared the Japanese homeland. Realizing that changing the terms would make the Japanese more willing to surrender, commanders began pushing Roosevelt to consider clarifying them. Early in 1945, Winston Churchill proposed at the Yalta Conference that clarifying the terms "would be worthwhile if it led to the saving of a year and a half of a war in which so much blood and treasure would be poured out." He proposed that after Germany was defeated the Allies ?issue an ultimatum to Japan, retaining the unconditional surrender wording, but defining it to allow retention of the emperor (Newman, 65).? Many others began coming to the realization that Japan was not going to surrender without assurances to its Emperor, and that this issue was a major obstacle to peace."

Tags:roosevelt, monarch, casablanca, conference

Abstract
This paper relates that the atomic bomb has dramatically changed the world we live in and will continue to strike fear into the every day lives of civilians. The paper asserts that the making of the atomic bomb was inevitable, but the use of the atomic bomb was a mistake that will never be forgotten. The paper goes on to say that the atomic bombings of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 ended the bloodiest war in human history, but Japan was on the verge of surrendering anyway, so there was no military justification for the use of these horrific weapons. The writer concludes that if humanity fails to break free from the vicious cycle of wars, atomic bombs will be used again, life on earth will end someday in one final conflagration and the final page of human history will never be written because no one will be left alive to write it.

From the Paper
"Despite the fact that most Americans in 1945 considered these atomic attacks fully justified and felt no remorse for the massive death and destruction inflicted upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki, most Americans today have very different attitudes about the atomic bombings, and feel regret, shame, and revulsion when they think about the atomic attacks. Most of them believe that although the making of the atomic bomb was inevitable, it was a mistake to use atomic bombs against Japan."
"The Manhattan Project was established early in World War II because it was learned that Nazi Germany was intent upon building an atomic bomb. This political factor, combined with the relentless advance of scientific discoveries, made the development of atomic weapons inevitable. Consequently, a race to develop atomic bombs began, for they would be the ultimate weapon and whichever nation possessed them would be impossible to defeat."

Tags:war, radioactivity, fallout, weapons

Abstract
This paper will be about the atomic bomb that was dropped on Japan at the end of World War Two. The elements of under estimation will be revealed when telling the objectives of the atom bomb and this will be analyzed here. By using the film "Fat Man and Little Boy" (1989) by Roland Joffe and the book "Hiroshima" by Jon Hersey, we can see how this way of looking at the atom bomb was an over exaggerated reaction to resolving the end of World War Two and was an immoral action taken by the United States.