Abstract This paper explains that Stalinism and Bolshevism were mortal enemies. The author points out that, to those who argued that Stalin's tyranny grew naturally out of the Russian Revolution and the Bolsheviks' plans, the revolutionary leader Leon Trotsky rebuked that it was necessary for Stalin to liquidate the Bolshevik leadership of 1917 and systematically restructure the party to achieve his goals. The paper relates that Stalinism was not Bolshevism any more than it was any kind of socialism.
From the Paper "Joseph Stalin became the leader of Russia after the death of Lenin in 1924. Stalin's dictatorship arose from the defeat of the Russian Revolution and the failure of revolution to catch on in more advanced capitalist countries in Europe. Stalinism is a term that describes the political and economic system implemented by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. Building on the foundations of Lenin, who led the Bolsheviks, Stalin expanded the centralized bureaucratic system of the Soviet Union during the 1930s. This system is largely perceived as an extreme system of totalitarianism, as Stalin slaughtered many people to achieve his goals."
Tags: enemies, trotsky, dictatorship, socialism, system
Abstract This paper examines how, forming part of the propaganda machine, art and architecture were used largely for the glorification of the Nazi regime and the Aryan race and for the denunciation of Judaism, Bolshevism and what the Nazis thought of as "degeneracy." The paper looks at how, by enforcing changes in the art world and through the use of "new German" architecture, the Nazis sought to cleanse the fatherland of "degenerate art", which was seen as detrimental to the Volk, and to ensure the National Socialist movement's immortality through buildings that would survive to inspire future generations of the thousand year Reich.
From the Paper "Art held a place of high value in National Socialist ideology. Hitler who was an artist turned politician inspite of himself had said "art is the only truly enduring investment of human labour." Hitler linked artistic styles with race, claiming that the Weimar period's "degenerate art" was a result of "racial decline." The Fuhrer also linked art with politics saying "art has at all times been the expression of an ideological and religious experience and at the same time the expression of political will." According to Nazi ideology, only Aryans were the true bearers of culture, therefore only they could produce true art. The modern styles such as Cubism, Dadaism and Expressionism, which had flourished during the Weimar period were a result of "cultural Bolshevism" and influenced by the Jews. "
Abstract This paper takes a look at the history of professional police forces in Britain, the US, and Australia, starting in the 18th century. Includes an analysis of the how the general population regards police.
From the Paper "The modern day police force is often taken for granted. People assume that the police will always be there whenever needed and probably always have been. A second thought is rarely ever entered into of the origins of the police force. But it was not until the nineteenth century that a police force remotely similar to what we have come to know in the present time emerged. In times of rapid social change and widespread disorder, a force of individuals became necessary to uphold and enforce the public law."
Abstract The paper looks at pre-trade union working conditions in factories and elsewhere and describes how the workers in the west realized that they were an essential part of the system and thus gained power. It looks at the rising figures for strikes as time progressed and in which countries they were most prevalent. The last segment describes the rather different appearance of the Russian trade unions, from the end of serfdom to Bolshevism and Communism.
From the paper;
"It is no accident that the power of trade unions has diminished over the past several generations so that now for most Americans it is difficult to imagine the political, cultural and social power that they once had. But unions were once a major force in the age of industrialization, and it is only because we are living at the end of that age of industrialization that we see trade unions in their current weakened condition.
This paper examines unions when they were moving toward the height of their powers in the first decades of the last century. Although there were (and are) certain commonalities amongst all unions, there were also important differences among the unions both because of the trade that was being represented and the country in which the union was organized."
From the Paper "Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago challenged a number of socialist tenets in political, social, and literary terms, and it was banned in the Soviet Union as a consequence for 30 years. Politically, the novel questions the reality of the Soviet system as it developed, finding that the promise of the Bolsheviks was dissipated in the early years as changes were made in the social and political beliefs they had offered. In literary terms, the novel breaks away from the prevailing school of social realism, which in itself had been turned into a deliberate political statement and almost a political requirement for socialist-accepted writing. The novel intentionally deals with the early years of the Soviet system rather than with the Stalinist years. Pasternak had lived through both eras, but in this novel he was only challenging the way the Bolsheviks had abandoned their..."
Abstract Joseph Stalin was not a theorist, but he was a consummate politician. In the 1920s, Marxist-Leninist theoretical grounding was a primary mode of legitimation for those who aspired to leadership of the Russian Communist Party. The paper shows that Stalin was, therefore, always able to elucidate an appropriate theoretical pedigree for whatever he believed was the best course for the new nation or, not incidentally, for his own political ends. The paper shows that Stalin's first Five Year Plan -- adopted, modified and approved between September 1928 and April 1929 -- was just such a course of action. It explains how he changed his previously stated intentions and ideologies in order to develop the Five Year Plan and remain in power as the leader of Communist Russia.
From the Paper "From his earliest study of Marxist theory Stalin was attracted to dialectical materialism as a world view that provided "a coherent overall philosophical image of the world" and conceived of society past and present "as a great battleground whereon two hostile forces -- bourgeoisie and proletariat -- are locked in mortal combat" (Tucker 118, 119). Socialism flowed inevitably, logically from Marx's systematic thought and justified the revolutionary extremism that had a special appeal for Stalin. In his early political incarnation Stalin sided with the so-called "hards" who were opposed to the moderation of the left. He became a leading proponent of Lenin's militant interpretation of Marx and, as a leading advocate of Bolshevism, Stalin "found himself in his spiritual element" (121)."
Abstract The first of these two-page essays examines the Bolshevik Revolution, and discusses the key factors that contributed to the success of Lenin and the Bolsheviks. The author concludes that Lenin knew exactly what to do, what to say, and what to conceal. He took advantage of the Russian people's desperate hopes for peace, bread, and an end to tsarist autocracy by promising them all three. The second essay examines the reasons for the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The author discusses the economic, political, and social flaws of communism, and explains why they led to its demise.
Abstract The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 1917 closed the Eastern theater of World War I some two years before the Western armistice. Although the Treaty of Versailles traditionally overshadows that of Brest-Litovsk, the legacy of Russia's and Germany's separate peace treaty is arguably more important than Versailles's. This paper explores the personalities of the Russian leaders involved with the treaty, the internal political struggle behind the Soviet's foreign policy, and the legacy the treaty had in European affairs and Soviet policy.
From the Paper "The terms of the final Treaty signed at Brest-Litovsk were harsher than the ones dictated to Russia a month earlier. The Germans, who had also desired peace initially, had been insulted by Trotsky and the Bolsheviks to such a degree that they no would no longer act fairly towards Russia. Russia lost huge quantities of its natural resources, arable land, population and territory. For Lenin, the challenge now became getting the Congress of Bolsheviks to ratify such an embarrassing treaty."
Abstract This paper explains that Hitler came to power in post-World War I Germany on a platform of promises to restore German pride, to undo the "humiliation" of the Versailles treaty, restoration of the economy, and hatred of the Jews and Bolshevism. The author believes that Hitler could not rise to power without the support of the German people, who were mesmerized by his emotional speeches and his promises of restoring German ?glory'. The paper points out Hitler's several tactical blunders that eventually led to his ultimate downfall: Dunkirk, where he ordered the halt of a German advance, and the delayed invasion of Russia.
Table of Contents
Hitler's Rise to Power
Prelude to WWII
March into Rhineland
Annexation of Austria
Czechoslovakian Crisis and the Munich Pact
Non-Aggression Pact with USSR
Start of World War II
Blitzkrieg
Pinnacle of Hitler's Power
Battle of Britain
Hitler's Invasion of the USSR: Beginning of the End
Defeats on Other Fronts
From the Paper "Despite their policy of appeasement towards Germany, Britain and France also were wary of Hitler's expansionist designs and had decided that they would declare war if he invaded Poland. Hitler was skeptical about the will of western democracies to fight; and, on September 1, 1939, he decided to "go for broke" by invading Poland against the advice of his Army that felt it was still not ready for an all out war. Britain and France promptly declared war on Germany which signaled the start of World War II."
Abstract The paper compares the Holocaust of the Nazi regime and the Stalinist purge in the U.S.S.R. It compares the extreme form of Fascism under Hitler and the extreme form of Bolshevism under Stalin.
From the Paper "This research compares and contrasts two cases of state-sponsored mass murder in the 20th century: the Holocaust, which refers to the state-sponsored murder in Europe of some 12 million people, 6 million of whom were Jews, during the Nazi regime; and the ..."
