Abstract
This paper discusses how in April of 1981, the tension between the police and Afro-Caribbean youths living in Inner London exploded in the Brixton Riots. It examines how the riots were the culmination of many factors that had ravaged the community in Brixton including unemployment, poverty and police harassment. It evaluates the then two-year old Conservative government, which had been wrestling already with a major economic downturn the Winter of Discontent in 1979 and the transition from an industrial economy to a post-industrial economy. It covers the main events during the riots and the post effect on other London ethnic minority groups.

From the Paper
"Beginning in 1975, Britain had seen its general unemployment rise steadily. By 1979, workers in many sectors, including sanitation and transport were striking. The winter of 1978-1979 was called The Winter of Discontent as thousands of people were put out of work and thousands more were striking in a nearly general strike in protest of wage restraint. Bodies were piling up at the morgue, garbage bags on the streets, and the feeling of the working class and poor was growing more and more hostile. Although inflation had stabilized by 1979 unemployment remained stubbornly high, hovering at more than 7%."

Tags:ethnic, minority, groups, economy

Abstract
The paper looks at how in the article "Why Do We Owe So Much to Victims of Disaster?" Simms discusses how we are living way beyond our means in relation to climate. The paper outlines how he makes the reader look at climate in terms of money-he calls for a savings account type program to help Third World countries deal with severe weather and the fierce effects that extreme weather can have on a population. The paper then examines Gelbspan's article "Boiling Point: Nature Doesn't Compromise on Global Climate Change; Activists Must Not Either" that explains how weather or climate is not just another issue to be discussed over dinner-he says it is the only issue to discuss since it threatens all of humanity. The paper describes how Gelbspan goes right to the heart of the issue of global warming and focuses on the denial of Americans and the effect that the fossil-fuel industry has on the environment. This paper discusses the ability of each writer to make a passionate argument.

From the Paper
"In the article "Why Do We Owe So Much to Victims of Disaster?" Simms discusses how we are living way beyond our means in relation to climate. He makes the reader look at climate in terms of money--he calls for a savings account type program to help Third World countries deal with severe weather and the fierce effects that extreme weather can have on a population. Gelbspan in his article "Boiling Point: Nature Doesn't Compromise on Global Climate Change; Activists Must Not Either" explains how weather or climate is not just another issue to be discussed over..."

Tags:greed, denial, emotional

Abstract
This paper compares "The Red Hat" by Rachel Hadas and "A Watts Mother Mourns While Boiling Beans" by Etheridge Knight. Both poems are about parenthood. The two authors have related poems in that the subjects are both about protecting their children from external forces once they walk out of the house.

From the Paper
"Symbols and metaphors are used in the two poems to describe the feelings of the mothers regarding their sons. The Hadas poem uses symbolism in the line, "Already ties are feeling and not fact." The ties symbolize the unseen bond between parent and child and how they affect emotions. Another place symbolism is used in this poem is in the line, "parallel paths part; he goes alone from there." The parallel paths symbolize how children are with their parents when they are little and then they start to pull away and walk down their own paths as they get older. Hadas also uses metaphors in her poem like the one used in the line, "The watcher's heart stretches, elastic in its love and fear." In this line the author is comparing the ability of the mother's heart to stretch in the same fashion as elastic. Metaphors are also used in the line, "in the eddies of this change, empty, unanchored, perilously light" In this line eddies or whirlpools are used to describe the mother's emotions. Also in this line she refers to her emotions as unanchored such as a boat would be unanchored and allowed to drift aimlessly. These metaphors subtlety reinforce the authors need to show us the mother's feelings of love and worry for her son."

Tags:children, forces, parent, mother, symbols, metaphors

Abstract
The paper explains that A. Simms in his article "Why Do We Owe So Much to Victims of Disaster?" discusses how society is living way beyond its means in relation to climate. The author then relates that R. Gelbspan elucidates in his article "Boiling Point: Nature Doesn't Compromise on Global Climate Change; Activists Must Not Either" how weather or climate is the premier issue since it threatens all of humanity. The paper evaluates the articles on moral, imaginative and emotional criteria. The author concludes that both articles were not filled with jargon which made them informative and powerful.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Moral
Imaginative
Emotional
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Gelbspan does not bring the issue of global warming to such a personal level. With Simms, I feel as though he is sitting with me at my kitchen counter helping me balance my check book and showing me that I am in debt to climate just like I am to my credit cards. Although Gelbspan is a more logical article and the rationale is more intellectual the message is still the same as with Simms--the feeling just isn't the same. Gelbspan's passion and imagination come from his bashing of the American people and their representatives."

Tags:passionate, global warming, jargon denial humanistic

Abstract
This paper provides three short essays that relate to the topic of mystery and detection novels and film noir. The paper looks at the hard boiled detective found in these genres. The paper refers to the work of Raymond Chandler, Dashiel Hammett, Walter Mosley and others, as well as to select films.

From the Paper
"The novels of Raymond Chandler, hard-boiled detective fiction in the vein of Dashiel Hammett focus on the experiences of detective Philip Marlowe. If Chandler's novels featuring Marlowe like "The Big Sleep" have a moral, the moral appears to be that there are intelligent and stupid criminals and law enforcement officials and those that are the most intelligent usually wind up victorious."

Tags:Raymond Chandler, film noir, Dashiel Hammett, Walter Mosley, Ross MacDonald, hard boiled detective, myth of America

Abstract
This paper discusses reasons why the Joan Crawford's picture, "Possessed" is not really a film noir. It contends that it is rather a star vehicle for a female audience, as opposed to the male-dominated hard-boiled detectives and underworld figures who populated films noir of the '40s and '50s.

From the Paper
"Film noir, literally black film was a term for crime melodramas usually low to medium budget and usually begun in the black-and-white eras before fancy color and special effects happened. Most of the subjects dealt with either crime, both punishment and retribution. In a sense one could say that this film genre became popular at the end of World War II when universal disillusionment set in and when the idea often was for someone to get away with it as long as it wasn't ..."

Tags:Possessed, Joan Crawford, Warner Brothers, film noir, women's picture, Curtis Bernhardt, disilliusionment

Abstract
This paper tackles the issue of "universals" from all sides, looking at both the Platonic and Aristotelian models to understand the theories that arose from those bases. The idea of a universal is thoroughly defined, explored in terms of different theories (Bundle Theory, Nominalism, Classic Platonism, etc.), and finally boiled down to a discussion of the implication that the idea of "universals" has in regards to the more general notions of "nothingness" and "somethingness".

From the Paper
"The following essay is focussed on exploring all aspects of the theory of universals as it applies to metaphysical investigation. I will proceed in defining universal in general terms, presenting the arguments that support universal theory, presenting the opposing arguments, briefly defining the individual nominilist theories, and finally presenting my own thoughts concerning universals. I have tried to present the following material logically and comprehensibly, to eliminate as many assumptions as possible, hopefully providing a coherent step by step exploration of universals and related issues."

Tags:aristotle, bundle, nimonalism, objective, philosophy, plato, subjective, theory

Abstract
The literary genre popularly known as "cyberpunk" blends elements of hard-boiled detective fiction with speculative reflections on the impact of computer networking technologies upon the body politic and the body organic.

Tags:the, body, electric

Abstract
This paper examines the history of mental illness from the earliest colonial times, when it was believed that mental illness was caused by the baby being born under a full moon or having slept in moonlight to the medical prognoses and classification of different disorders today. It discusses the attitudes and diagnoses of mental illness over the past couple of centuries and the development of treatment. It evaluates whether genetics or physical environmental damage are the sole cause of mental illness and how researchers now believe that nature and nurture work together and that causes of mental illness will never be boiled down to one gene or a set of genes.

From the Paper
"The last decade of the 20th century brought an explosion of knowledge regarding the causes of mental illness. Improvements in ability to make images of the brain as well as genetic research coming out of the Human Genome Project are forcing mental health experts to take a fresh look at the causes of mental illness. This new information also has treatment implications. Where previously, all mental illness was viewed as faulty emotional and psychological development, evidence is now emerging that many forms of mental illness may have a strong genetic component. People with the genes for a mental illness might or might not develop it depending on what happened to them in their lives, so in this model, mental illness still is somewhat environmentally based, but the physical evidence for mental illness is mounting."

Tags:Human, Genome, Project, schizophrenia, bipolar

Abstract
This paper examines the genre of 'film noir', the name given to the trend of the dark and black, looks and themes of many of the American crime and detective films released following the World War II. It discusses the influences on these films such as World War II and postwar disillusionment, postwar realism, the work of German expatriates making use of German Expressionism and even the hard-boiled literary tradition of the 1930s and 1940s. It shows as an example how Orson Welles used the style in his late-1950s film "Touch of Evil", a film that develops a film noir style and structure in the context of tense international relations and an era of police abuse. It discusses how Orson Welles shapes what could have been a standard crime story in a new way by the creative use of the camera and by strong characterizations.

From the Paper
"For the film noir aspect of the film, the underlying attitudes of the character are as important as lighting and camera work. Sheriff Quinlan is a huge mass of bloated flesh and exudes evil from his first appearance in the film, standing as a cop who will do anything not to be wrong. He is contrasted sharply with the tall and stalwart look of Ramon Vargas, the policeman from South of the border who must not be allowed to show up the great Quinlan. Quinlan has the look of a man who was once great and who has fallen, though he sustains his position through force of will, reputation, bullying, and the sycophancy of Sgt. Menzies, who follows Quinlan around singing his praises to all who will listen."

Tags:world, war, camera, dark, black, crime, detective, disillusionment, postwar, realism