Abstract
This paper examines the question of how to reverse the trend of lack of educational progress, specifically in the world of mathematics. This is considered through an evaluation of three elementary schools' stated mathematics curriculum, and how they compare to the standards of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics published standards. The process of this evaluation is a point by point comparison between the NCTM standards and the printed curriculum guidelines for these schools. Specific points which are supportive, and which may fail to reach the guidelines are identified and discussed for each school. The purpose of this evaluation is not to approve or reject these curricula, but rather to identify specific applications which can be either improved through change, or strengthened by building upon existing positive initiatives.
Introduction

Discussion of the NCTM Standards
West New York Public Schools, West MY
Bogota Public Schools, Bogota, NJ
North Bergen Public School System, North Bergen, NJ
Bibliography

From the Paper
"According to national statistics, the mathematical educational progress of American elementary students has failed to keep progress with the rest of the world. This stinging indictment of the educational system of the most technologically advanced culture in the world has caused a serious evaluation of the standards and goals of the elementary system. According to the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, there are knowledgeable teachers in the system. The teaching staff has adequate support and resources. In a society which depends daily on mathematics, there is opportunity for students to learn and apply math principles and facts. There also is an abundance of access to technology to support the educational process. Finally, if students are considering careers, those in math related fields, such as engineering, financial planning, accounting and many others are some of the highest paying positions in our current job market."

Tags:nctm, bogota, bergen, new, york

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the north westernmost country in South America, Colombia. The writer notes that Colombia is the second most populated South American country next to Brazil and the majority of the population lives in the mountainous cities around the capital of Bogota. The writer points out that with this intense congregation of people in one area, the economy of Colombia is poor and unstable. This paper attempts to explain why the economy has fluctuated during the last thirty years and gives examples of life in Colombia as a result of an ever-changing economy.

From the Paper
"In 1999, Colombia suffered a recession as a result of low world oil prices, reduced export demand, and increased guerilla violence throughout the country. This caused an increase in unemployment, increased drug usage and sales, and devaluation of the Colombian peso. In 1999 at the time of the recession approximately 17.7% of the Colombia people were living at or below the national poverty line."
"As a result of the 1999 Colombian recession, unemployment quickly rose. There were more people in Colombia than jobs. Many companies closed because they could not afford to pay their employees. In the year 2000, the unemployment rate in Colombia reached 20%. This rate did not stay at 20% for long because of the instability in the Colombian economy, by 2006 the unemployment rate had improved and was at 13% which also decreased poverty and gained confidence among the people in foreign and domestic affairs."

Tags:Colombian, recession, unemployment, drugs

Abstract
This paper is a quantitative study of the phenomena of connectivity that uses a sample population of 425 displaced women treated in Bogota, Colombia, to test the hypothesis. The author used a formal questionnaire with two main scales to measure the degree of connectivity among these women against a background of emotional and psychological well-being. The paper reports that this thesis has found evidence for 1) a biological basis for connectivity, 2) psychological effects on connectivity, and 3) environmental effects on connectivity. These findings are extremely important because such a study has not previously been undertaken and because these results add weight to the body of literature that suggests trauma can lead to anti-social, deviant behavior arising from a lack of connectivity.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Theoretical Framework
Research Hypotheses
Sample Population
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Organization of the Thesis
Literature Review
Origins of Attachment Theory
Adult Attachment
Longitudinal Studies
Romantic Relationship Studies
Measures of Adult Attachment
Methodology
Sample Population
Instrumentation: The Construction of the Survey
Instrumentation: The Adult Attachment Scale (AAS)
Instrumentation: The Hazan and Shaver (1987) Questionnaire
Research Design
Limitations of Study
Data Analysis
Basic Statistical Filtering of the Data
Plan for Statistical Analysis
Simple Statistics and Table of Eigenvalues
Extraction of Initial Factors
Rotation to Terminal Solution
Choosing the Number of Factors to Retain
Position in the Scree Plot
Proportion of Accounted Variance
How are the Results of the Factor Analysis Presented, and How Should They Be Interpreted?
Results
Results of the AAS and Hazan and Shaver Surveys
Conclusion
Summary
Conclusion
Discussion
Future Research

From the Paper
"Attachment theory developed out of this early work of Bowlby's, combined with his growing awareness of evidence emerging from developmental biology and the new science of ethnology. Lorenz's work with imprinting in birds and Harlow's work with monkeys showed that affectional bonds could develop unrelated to the satisfaction of hunger needs. Bowlby's (1958, 1969) insights led him to conclude from this that humans needed social interaction that was satisfied by the caregiver being close by and available for support when needed, This was in contrast to the traditional psychoanalytic theory of dependency, where affectional bonds were thought to develop secondarily to the primary drives for food and sex. As attachment behavior had been found to occur in most species of mammals, he suggested that there was a "primary attachment relationship" that developed during the first nine months of life whose evolutionary function was to protect from predators "

Tags:attachment, trauma, women, columbia, questionnaire

Abstract
This paper traces the history of emeralds from ancient Egypt, to 18th century to today's mining areas in Columbia, Zimbabwe, Zambia. It discusses the different types of emeralds, the treatments for the stone, colors, textures, healing attributes and gemstones.

From the Paper
"To the ancient Egyptians, the emerald's green color stood for fertility and rebirth. The gemstone was used to treat eye diseases. The Greeks worked the Egyptian mines during the time of Alexander the Great and throughout the Ptolemaic Dynasty. "The Greeks regarded the emerald as the sacred stone of the goddess Venus and of the Earth Goddess." (Emeralds!) "

Tags:muzo, chivor, bogota, columbia, chromium, opticon