Abstract
This paper is comprised of three different papers. The first computes the body mass index (BMI) of four different individuals and classifies them as normal, overweight or obese. The second paper is an exercise prescription for a given patient based on the data provided. The third paper is an outline of a lecture, "Exercise in the Older Years for Stress Management."

From the Paper
"Paper 1: The Body Mass Index (BMI) is the ratio between an individual's weight in kilograms and the square of his height in meters (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [USPSTF], 2003). The Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI) (2005) uses the following categories to determine BMI categories: underweight (<18.5), normal (18.5-24.9), overweight (25-29.9), obese class I (30-34.9), obese class II (35.39.9) and obese class III (>= 40). In pediatric patients (age <18 y/o), physiologic maturity based on secondary sexual characteristics (i.e. Tanner Stage 5) determines whether adult or pediatric parameters for overweight/obesity screening will be used (ICSI,)..."

Tags:bmi, exercise, prescription

Abstract
This paper explains that the intention of this study was to determine how early in their lives children, especially girls, are influenced by the media concerning their body image;and if that influence has any profound or pronounced effect, if the exposure begins during the pre-pubescent period. The author used (1) a self-assessment questionnaire of girls and boys, ages 9 and 10, from two different schools administered by the classroom teacher during regular class sections coupled with (2) the teacher's assessment of the child's self-esteem. This paper concludes that, more significantly with girls than with boys, weight and body image are inextricably linked as early as age nine with children already incorporated concerns of attractiveness as powerful indicators of how these children evaluate their own self-esteem. Tables.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Media influence
Other Influences on Body Image and Self-Esteem in Girls
Taking Objectification a Step Further
The Effect of Body Image in Adolescence
Factors Suggesting the Need for Child-Centred Body-Image/Self-Esteem Studies
Rationale
Hypotheses
Methods
Social Comparisons to Models and Peers
Body Image Satisfaction
Body Mass Index
Results
Relationships between Body Dissatisfaction and Reported Social Comparison
Correlations Between Body Dissatisfaction and Social Comparisons to Models and Peers by Gender
Multiple Regressions of Body Dissatisfaction on BMI, Grade, and
Attractiveness Attributes by Gender
Means and Standard Deviations for Social Comparison to Models and Same-Sex Peers by Gender
Teacher Assessments of Self-Esteem
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Because of the ages of the children in the study, it was decided that the best way to assess self-esteem would be to interview the teachers of the children concerning which children suffered from low self-esteem, and then correlate their answers with those of the children. An almost 100 percent correlation was found among girls between higher weights and low self-esteem. For boys, the correlation between body shape was stronger than the correlation with weight per se. It is easy to conclude, therefore, that "Whether or not they are too heavy, females who see themselves as overweight show decreased satisfaction with their bodies, reduced levels of self-esteem, and lowered psychosocial well-being, as compared with males, in general, and with females who do not consider themselves overweight.""

Tags:pre-pubescent, questionnaires, weight, teacher, attractiveness

Abstract
This paper proposes a study to look at women with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 24 (clinical definition of obesity per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and see if their rate of breast cancer is higher than for those women with a breast cancer who are within normal weight standards. The study is to be done via a records review and personal interview when possible and it is hypothesized that those women who have a greater BMI will have a greater risk of breast cancer, regardless of tumor type, ethnicity and other lifestyle factors.

Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Review of Literature
Research Question/Hypothesis
Methods and Procedures
Exclusion Criteria
Selection
Summary
Appendix A: Informed Consent Form

From the Paper
"Breast cancer is a significant health issue for women world over. The older a woman gets, the more likely she is to develop breast cancer. When women are aware of the risk factors, they are able to reduce their risk of the disease. Women are often times unaware of issues surrounding absolute and relative risk factors. For example, smoking increases a woman's relative risk of breast cancer by 32%. All any woman must do to reduce this risk is to discontinue smoking. Yet many women are not aware that by losing weight, they may be able to reduce their risk of breast cancer. Better yet, most studies seem to support doing your best not to gain weight at all. "

Tags:weight, body, size, mass, fat

Abstract
This paper defines obesity as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher, which, in most cases, means that the individual is about 30 pounds over their ideal weight. The author points out that a factor complicating the calculation of the cost of obesity to public health is that obesity engenders and is linked to a wide range of other diseases and ailments that also increase the cost to the public sector and health care in general. The paper concludes that alarm bells with regard to public and private health care and obesity have been ringing for some time now; however, this alarm has risen to a new and more strident level by the increasing number of children and adolescents who now are overweight or obese.

Table of Contents
The Extent of the Problem
Obesity: Definition and Causes
Related illness
Public Health
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Obesity has a concomitant affect on an individual's overall health and can subsequently be connected to other illness and ailments and is also an exacerbating factor in many common diseases. "As obesity rates continue to grow at epidemic proportions in this country, the net effect will be dramatic increases in related chronic health conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease." Obesity also has an effect on many common illnesses such as diabetes, particularly type-2 diabetes. This form of diabetes is usually diagnosed in patients over 40 years of age and is caused by the body's inability to process insulin correctly. This form of diabetes is directly linked to obesity and physical inactivity."

Tags:bmi, ideal, cost, diseases, children, chronic

Abstract
The paper discusses how living well means certain things. The paper explains that you have to have a certain Body Mass Index (BMI) which is a ratio of weight to your height, and the BMI will show that your body weight is within a healthy range. The paper explains that living well includes many factors and they all have to work together; we have to eat well, which means having certain kinds of food and certain amounts of food while we avoid things like fats and fast foods. The paper discusses how we need to follow Canada's Food Guide and choose the servings that are recommended according to age and sex (EATracker, 2008).

From the Paper
"Living well means certain things. First, you have to have a certain Body Mass Index (BMI) which is a ratio of weight to your height. The BMI will show that your body weight is within a healthy range. When your body weight is in the normal range, that range is linked with the lowest risk of health problems. As a result the BMI needs to be kept within that range. Living well includes many factors and they all have to work together. We have to eat well, which means having certain kinds of food and certain amounts of food while we avoid things like fats and fast foods. We need to follow Canada's Food Guide and choose the servings that..."

Tags:nutrition, exercise, assessment

Abstract
This article begins with a very difficult problem, the problem being the certainty as to what the differences between causes and effects in diabetes really are. Depression seems to be important in how diabetes develops and becomes worse. However, there are other things at work. The paper discusses how these factors are body mass index (BMI), adherence to diet and exercise, and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy refers to the control the person feels and how successful they might be. The problem is which factor is the most important.

Tags:findings, model, value

Abstract
This paper discusses the definition of obesity by both the traditional standards and the more recent BMI standard.

From the Paper
"When the National Institutes of Health (NIH) changed the method of calculating obesity to the Body Mass Index (BMI) method in ..., the United States went from ... million to ... million obese people over night, thus changing how many people see themselves. So what is obesity? What does it mean to be obese, based on the standards of the NIH? Simply put, the definition of obesity is the state of being well above one's normal weight."

Tags:Obesity, morbid obesity, BMI, Body Mass Index, NIH, National Institutes of Health

Abstract
The paper scrutinizes how mass media affects the public perception of heroes and heroism. The paper first describes immense power of mass media through the example of the American television being regarded as a powerful force strengthening the presidential system. The paper argues that mass media enables public opinion to spread over wider geographic area. The paper demonstrates the popularity of sports heroes and explains the correlation the entertainment media has with fictional heroes in literature.

From the Paper
"What is a hero? And what has one got to do with television? The answer to that question which is really the question of how the mass media influence popular perceptions of the heroic and the Hero - is a complex one as are any significant questions that examine the relationship between mass media and the culture that produces, absorbs, reflects and reifies them."

Tags:hero, television, mass, media, popular, perception, america, radio, broadcast, heroism

Abstract
This is a summary of the 2000 article, "Mass Media and the Concept of Interactivity" about the mass media's role in promoting democracy by balancing interactivity between mass media providers and the public. The paper includes the potential of the Internet in the process and an outline.

From the Paper
"The role of the mass media in promoting democracy A The mass media providers can promote democracy B The Internet can provide forums for the public to express their opinions and critique of the work of ..."

Tags:Mass media, Internet, interactivity

Abstract
This paper explains that the problem, which the researcher M.T Cabio lu and Neyhan Ergene addressed in their article reported in "The American Journal of Chinese Medicine", was to determine whether electro-acupuncture (EA) had anything to do with weight loss as associated with C-peptide, glucose and serum insulin levels in women. The paper states that the researchers specifically did not address the theoretical framework for their study and indicates that, as the researchers believed would be the outcomes, there is a correlation between EA, diet restrictions, and weight loss as well as a correlation between EA and the blood markers for obesity.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Problem/Purpose
Literature Review
Study Framework or Theoretical Perspective
Research Objectives, Questions, and Hypotheses
List Attribute/Demographic Variables
Sample/Setting
Research Design
Measurement Methods and Tools
Procedures
Statistical Analysis
Researchers' Interpretation of the Findings
Generalization of the Findings
Implications of the Findings for Nursing
Suggestions for Further Study

From the Paper
"For nursing, there are few implications for EA. Usually, this is performed by acupuncturists who are trained in this field. However, nurses could be trained to perform this and other weight loss treatments that are not as commonly seen in Western medicine, so that they could further benefit the people that they help on a daily basis.
"The researchers do indicate that further study should be undertaken, especially where diabetes is concerned."

Tags:affiliations epidemic, body mass index (BMI), groups markers