Abstract This paper proposes a study to look at women with a bodymassindex (BMI) greater than 24 (clinical definition of obesity per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and see if their rate of breast cancer is higher than for those women with a breast cancer who are within normal weight standards. The study is to be done via a records review and personal interview when possible and it is hypothesized that those women who have a greater BMI will have a greater risk of breast cancer, regardless of tumor type, ethnicity and other lifestyle factors.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Review of Literature
Research Question/Hypothesis
Methods and Procedures
Exclusion Criteria
Selection
Summary
Appendix A: Informed Consent Form
From the Paper "Breast cancer is a significant health issue for women world over. The older a woman gets, the more likely she is to develop breast cancer. When women are aware of the risk factors, they are able to reduce their risk of the disease. Women are often times unaware of issues surrounding absolute and relative risk factors. For example, smoking increases a woman's relative risk of breast cancer by 32%. All any woman must do to reduce this risk is to discontinue smoking. Yet many women are not aware that by losing weight, they may be able to reduce their risk of breast cancer. Better yet, most studies seem to support doing your best not to gain weight at all. "
This paper is a complete research project including an extensive bibliography, studying the relationship of body image and self-esteem of girls and boys, ages 9 and 10, from Glasgow, England.
Abstract This paper explains that the intention of this study was to determine how early in their lives children, especially girls, are influenced by the media concerning their body image;and if that influence has any profound or pronounced effect, if the exposure begins during the pre-pubescent period. The author used (1) a self-assessment questionnaire of girls and boys, ages 9 and 10, from two different schools administered by the classroom teacher during regular class sections coupled with (2) the teacher's assessment of the child's self-esteem. This paper concludes that, more significantly with girls than with boys, weight and body image are inextricably linked as early as age nine with children already incorporated concerns of attractiveness as powerful indicators of how these children evaluate their own self-esteem. Tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Media influence
Other Influences on Body Image and Self-Esteem in Girls
Taking Objectification a Step Further
The Effect of Body Image in Adolescence
Factors Suggesting the Need for Child-Centred Body-Image/Self-Esteem Studies
Rationale
Hypotheses
Methods
Social Comparisons to Models and Peers
Body Image Satisfaction
BodyMassIndex Results
Relationships between Body Dissatisfaction and Reported Social Comparison
Correlations Between Body Dissatisfaction and Social Comparisons to Models and Peers by Gender
Multiple Regressions of Body Dissatisfaction on BMI, Grade, and
Attractiveness Attributes by Gender
Means and Standard Deviations for Social Comparison to Models and Same-Sex Peers by Gender
Teacher Assessments of Self-Esteem
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "Because of the ages of the children in the study, it was decided that the best way to assess self-esteem would be to interview the teachers of the children concerning which children suffered from low self-esteem, and then correlate their answers with those of the children. An almost 100 percent correlation was found among girls between higher weights and low self-esteem. For boys, the correlation between body shape was stronger than the correlation with weight per se. It is easy to conclude, therefore, that "Whether or not they are too heavy, females who see themselves as overweight show decreased satisfaction with their bodies, reduced levels of self-esteem, and lowered psychosocial well-being, as compared with males, in general, and with females who do not consider themselves overweight.""
Abstract This paper defines obesity as a bodymassindex (BMI) of 30 or higher, which, in most cases, means that the individual is about 30 pounds over their ideal weight. The author points out that a factor complicating the calculation of the cost of obesity to public health is that obesity engenders and is linked to a wide range of other diseases and ailments that also increase the cost to the public sector and health care in general. The paper concludes that alarm bells with regard to public and private health care and obesity have been ringing for some time now; however, this alarm has risen to a new and more strident level by the increasing number of children and adolescents who now are overweight or obese.
Table of Contents
The Extent of the Problem
Obesity: Definition and Causes
Related illness
Public Health
Conclusion
From the Paper "Obesity has a concomitant affect on an individual's overall health and can subsequently be connected to other illness and ailments and is also an exacerbating factor in many common diseases. "As obesity rates continue to grow at epidemic proportions in this country, the net effect will be dramatic increases in related chronic health conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease." Obesity also has an effect on many common illnesses such as diabetes, particularly type-2 diabetes. This form of diabetes is usually diagnosed in patients over 40 years of age and is caused by the body's inability to process insulin correctly. This form of diabetes is directly linked to obesity and physical inactivity."
Abstract The paper examines the article "Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Fat Mass in a Large Cohort of Children" that defines a proposed research study that would explore the association between physical activity and obesity in children. The paper explains that the study proposed in the article will determine the type(s) of physical activity that are most likely to be associated with a lean bodymass as compared to an obese bodymass. The paper explains further that this study will attempt to discern whether one of the causes of obesity is the lack of physical activity or whether eating more leads to a greater lack of physical activity.
From the Paper "Many experts have acknowledged the fact that lack of physical activity in the lives of obese children could be a major factor in their condition. This study will attempt to further define exactly what type of physical activity is most likely to lead to lean body mass in children. Previous studies have had difficulty in providing this specific information, and in fact defining obesity itself is a rather difficult task as well, since, "as a person of above-average height may be 'carrying' a lot of fat or a lot of muscle." (Ness et al 2007 pg 484)"
Abstract This article begins with a very difficult problem, the problem being the certainty as to what the differences between causes and effects in diabetes really are. Depression seems to be important in how diabetes develops and becomes worse. However, there are other things at work. The paper discusses how these factors are bodymassindex (BMI), adherence to diet and exercise, and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy refers to the control the person feels and how successful they might be. The problem is which factor is the most important.
Reviews an article by M.T Cabio lu and Neyhan Ergene, 'Changes in Level of Serum Insulin, C-Peptide and Glucose after Electro-Acupuncture (EA) and Diet Therapy in Obese Women' from the 2006 "The American Journal of Chinese Medicine".
Abstract This paper explains that the problem, which the researcher M.T Cabio lu and Neyhan Ergene addressed in their article reported in "The American Journal of Chinese Medicine", was to determine whether electro-acupuncture (EA) had anything to do with weight loss as associated with C-peptide, glucose and serum insulin levels in women. The paper states that the researchers specifically did not address the theoretical framework for their study and indicates that, as the researchers believed would be the outcomes, there is a correlation between EA, diet restrictions, and weight loss as well as a correlation between EA and the blood markers for obesity.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Problem/Purpose
Literature Review
Study Framework or Theoretical Perspective
Research Objectives, Questions, and Hypotheses
List Attribute/Demographic Variables
Sample/Setting
Research Design
Measurement Methods and Tools
Procedures
Statistical Analysis
Researchers' Interpretation of the Findings
Generalization of the Findings
Implications of the Findings for Nursing
Suggestions for Further Study
From the Paper "For nursing, there are few implications for EA. Usually, this is performed by acupuncturists who are trained in this field. However, nurses could be trained to perform this and other weight loss treatments that are not as commonly seen in Western medicine, so that they could further benefit the people that they help on a daily basis.
"The researchers do indicate that further study should be undertaken, especially where diabetes is concerned."
Tags: affiliations epidemic, bodymassindex (BMI), groups markers
Abstract This research paper attempts to identify the particular problems that arise from obesity and how they affect the couple relationship. The paper is a qualitative study that looks at the experiences of obesity and weight loss from the standpoint of the obese individual, their non-obese partner, and the couple.
Overview of the Study
Introduction to the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Need for the Study
Theoretical Framework
Definition of Terms
Research Questions
Literature about the Problem of Obesity
Hypothesized Interactional Patterns
Obesity and Poor Self/Body Image
Weight and Self-Esteem/Body Image
The Link Between Mind and Body Psychopathology and Psychological Distress
on the Individual and Within the Marital Relationship
Obesity as a Mental Disorder
Obesity, Marital Satisfaction, and Intimacy in the Couple Relationship
Obesity, Psychopathology, and Marital Satisfaction in the Couple
Relationship
Obesity and Sexuality in the Couple Relationship
Obesity and Partner Support
PhotoTherapy
Rationale for the Methodology
Semi-Structured Interviews
Population, Setting and Sample
Subjects
Procedure
Instruments
Researcher Information and Biases
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Ethical Considerations
Trustworthiness of the Data
From the Paper "Literature about the problem of obesity indicates that it is attributable to a host of other problems that likewise contribute to the pain and suffering of these individuals. This includes problems with physical health, as well as emotional difficulties, and these will be covered in Chapter Two. Many of these problems are psychological in nature; however, the psychological problems that come from being obese can be equally, or even more, destructive to the individual than the largely recognized physiological problems. Both the experience of obesity and the treatment of weight loss need to be focused upon if the associated psychological effects and problems are to be identified and treated. Unchecked, these problems can help to perpetuate the cycle of obesity and weight loss, maintaining the high rate of recidivism associated with weight loss treatment programs."
Abstract In order to determine the value of index investments as an investment strategy, this paper weighs several important considerations. It defines index funds and lists the types of index funds that are available to the investor. It then gives a thorough list and analysis of the major advantages and disadvantages of index investing. The paper then lists the alternatives to index investing and investigates the advantages and disadvantages of these alternatives. The Efficient Market Hypothesis is explained and how this might impact the evaluation of index investing and the alternatives to index investing. It concludes this case study by giving a personal analysis of whether the writer would include index investing in his personal portfolio.
From the Paper "Simply put, an index fund is a mutual fund that attempts to match, with as much accuracy that is possible, the performance in a stock market index. Mutual funds have created S&P500 index funds in an attempt to copy the Standard and Poor (S&P)500 index, by buying all 500 stocks in the same percentage that they are present in the index.
"Interestingly, S&P 500 tracks the performance of large company stocks in the United States, like the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The S&P 500 index tracks the stock prices of 500 big companies, which account for close to 80 percent of the total market value all of the stocks that are traded in the United States. Index funds mirror the returns of a specific index, or a group of securities, that are considered measuring sticks of the behavior of the market as a whole. If the market increases 5% in one year, the index will also increase by close to 5% in the same specific time frame."
Abstract This paper review the history and performance of the Nikkei 225 Stock Index in Japan. It reviews the history of Nikkei. It also includes the company's stock average and trading volumes.
From the Paper "This research reviews the history composition and performance of the Nikkei stock average in Japan. The findings of the review are presented as responses to separate but related questions. What is the Nikki and ..."
Abstract This paper focuses on the representations of women's body image in the media and asks how these representations affect women's self-image and behavior.
From the Paper "The images of the media surround us constantly. According to Peach (1998): "We are exposed to over 2,000 ads a day, constituting perhaps the most powerful educational force in society. The average adult will spend one and a half years of his/her life watching television commercials". (p. 128). Leafing through the morning paper we unconsciously take in adverts and photographs. Going to work we pass billboards, signs on bus stations and busses, company logo's on clothing and merchandise. At home relaxing in front of the television we are bombarded by images. What are the main messages that are conveyed by this unstoppable deluge of the media?"
Abstract This paper discusses the lessons that can be learned on why political mass murder has occurred, how it can be prevented in the future, and an analysis of the history of western civilization since the 17th century.
From the paper:
"Mass murder like mass hysteria is a terrifying phenomenon to which the Western civilization has succumbed to all too easily in the bygone eras. As the term suggests, mass murder is the brutal killing of a massive population for a variety of reasons that can be either religious, moral and social or political, bigoted and racist in nature. Whatever the causes, mass murder remains one of those episodes in the history of Western civilization, which one would gladly like to forget. However not many measure up to the extermination of European Jews that occurred during the Second World War. This was a tragedy of insurmountable proportions and can be attributed to Hitler's propagandist campaign that successfully mobilized the German masses, particularly the youth of the country. This incident better known as the Holocaust can be described as the extermination of European Jews by the Nazis during the years 1939-45."
Abstract The paper scrutinizes how mass media affects the public perception of heroes and heroism. The paper first describes immense power of mass media through the example of the American television being regarded as a powerful force strengthening the presidential system. The paper argues that mass media enables public opinion to spread over wider geographic area. The paper demonstrates the popularity of sports heroes and explains the correlation the entertainment media has with fictional heroes in literature.
From the Paper "What is a hero? And what has one got to do with television? The answer to that question ? which is really the question of how the mass media influence popular perceptions of the heroic and the Hero ? is a complex one as are any significant questions that examine the relationship between mass media and the culture that produces, absorbs, reflects and reifies them."
Abstract This is a summary of the 2000 article, "Mass Media and the Concept of Interactivity" about the mass media's role in promoting democracy by balancing interactivity between mass media providers and the public. The paper includes the potential of the Internet in the process and an outline.
From the Paper "The role of the mass media in promoting democracy A The mass media providers can promote democracy B The Internet can provide forums for the public to express their opinions and critique of the work of ..."
Abstract The paper examines how mass education is a relatively new phenomenon in human history. The paper describes how the movement towards mass education in North America only began in the 1840s, but, in a relatively short time, has become the norm. The paper further discusses how education is now compulsory in all Western societies, and is seen by most people as a positive entity. The paper questions the function of mass education.
From the Paper "Mass education is a relatively new phenomenon in human history. For example, the movement towards mass education in North America only began in the 1840s. However, in a relatively short time it has become the norm, so that education is now compulsory in all Western societies, and is seen by most people as a good thing. Yet few people question the function of mass education. This paper analyzes the social functions of mass education. It also speculates on the likely future of mass education, and of the function of mass education."
Abstract This paper examines the ideas which surround us and formulate the construct of mass media. The paper explains how mass media takes a variety of sources, such as television, newsprint, advertising and radio. As the paper examines how they influence an individual's life, it concludes that these multiple sources of mass media can falsely construct our understandings.
From the Paper "It is impossible, in our Western society, to live day to day without exposure to some form of mass communications. Our society is filled with different modes of media noise or clutter, from newspapers to the internet, to television, the radio, bus and billboard advertisements to simple word of mouth. Our current society is an information-based society; yet, much of this is based upon our perception of this. As we analyze aspects of our daily situations regarding language, communications and personal perceptions, we come to understand more of the role we, as individuals, play in this process and as well, the role that mass media plays in constructing our personal information sources."
