Abstract
The regulation of building construction can be traced back 4,000 years to cultures such as the Chinese, Greek, and Roman empires. Building regulations arose from the attempts of our ancestors to establish ways to control or avoid devastation from building fires and construction failures. Today, there are a number of specific parameters that affect the cost of buildings, including government building codes, which are enacted to protect public health and safety; these can take the form of both prescriptive and performance requirements, as well as industry demands that may not be reflected in actual building codes themselves, which consist of such desirable factors as climate control, elevators, and other aesthetics. Based on the efficiencies provided by standardized codes, the trend toward adoption of such codes nationally and internationally would seem to be a prudent choice for builders and municipalities. This study examines what the three code-making bodies within the United States were doing, are doing, and how they are now working together to produce a common building code for the United States to improve the safety, aesthetics, and functionality of the building conditions required for the entire country. The hypothesis of this paper is that, as a result of this leadership and innovation in the United States, improvements in building codes will extend to the developing countries of the world.

From the Paper
"Gene Fessenbecker, author of Building Codes and the Construction Contractor, says that, "The regulation of building construction can be traced back 4,000 years to cultures such as the Chinese, Greek and Roman empires. Building regulations arose from the attempts of our ancestors to establish ways to control or avoid devastation from building fires and construction failures. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson tried to establish some of the earliest design and construction regulations in America for the purpose of protecting public health and safety" (Fessenbecker 1). Today, there are a number of specific parameters that affect the cost of buildings including government building codes, a which are enacted to protect public health and safety; these can take the form of both prescriptive and performance requirements, as well as industry demands which may not be reflected in actual building codes themselves which consist of such desirable factors as climate control, elevators and other aesthetics. This study is intended to examine what the three code-making bodies within the United States were doing, are doing and how they are now working together to produce a common Building Code for the United States to improve the safety, aesthetics, and functionability of the building conditions required for the entire country. The hypothesis of this paper will be that as a result of this leadership and innovation in the United States, improvements in building codes will extend to the developing countries of the world."

Tags:construction, contract, engineering, fighting, fire, ibc, law, permit, property, single, trades, ubc, union

Abstract
This paper examines the significance of the body in anthropological thought and further argues that the body is the material locus of subjectivity. In order to build this hypothesis, it critically reviews the work of three key thinkers Merleau-Ponty (1964), Bourdieu (1984, 1990), and Taussig (1980, 1986, 1993). It also argues, together with Csordas (1990), for the possibility of a productive dialogic relationship between the preobjective and a conception of representation that includes a consideration of habitus.

From the Paper
"Bourdieu (1990: 71-72) notes that the body takes metaphor seriously. By this Bourdieu implies that we live our lives through actions structured in time and space. Moreover, the material world that surrounds us is one in which we use our living bodies to give substance to the social distinctions and differences that underpin social relationships and symbolic systems. In the context of anthropological theory, Bourdieu's sentence takes on another meaning. The body has inherited a Cartesian dichotomy between the thinking mind and the mechanic body that means the metaphors ascribed to it did not give any agency to the body. The body takes this very seriously because, as Foucault (1979) shows, the body became a site of bio-political struggle."

Tags:bourdieu, feminism, habitus, materialism, merleau, phenomenology, ponty, subjectivity, textuality

Abstract
The paper points out that for serious athletes and weight trainers, the subject of nutrition is vital to health and success. The paper explores the subject of sports nutrition and daily intake in relation to body mass and muscle growth. More specifically, the topics of macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients are covered in terms of the various food groups including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as well as vitamins and minerals.

From the Paper
"For serious athletes and weight trainers, the subject of nutrition is vital to health and success. The following discussion explores the subject of sports nutrition and daily intake in relation to body mass and muscle growth. More specifically, the topics of macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients are covered in terms of the various food groups including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as well as vitamins and minerals."

Tags:fitness, body building, lipids

Abstract
The paper asserts that an ethical advertisement should never flex the facts in order to make the product more saleable. The paper discusses the ethics of weight loss advertisements targeting those who are vulnerable, such as teenagers or anorexics, and advertisements promoting fat-burning and muscle building that create issues of body image and perception. The paper discusses how, while the weight-loss industry is huge, if companies do not advertise carefully, they would be open to criticism from the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the public. The paper concludes that in general, the advertising of a product ethically towards the consumer also benefits the manufacturer.

From the Paper
"Any advertisement which hoped to sell weight-loss, or fat-burning, products would therefore have to be extremely careful with the claims being made, without, however, resorting to the Suanabelt's use of trickery. Any advertiser would need to carefully examine the benefits of the herbal supplement, and then insure that the adverts conformed to the FTC guidelines. The Advertiser might consider following the guidelines as laid down by The Weight Management Code Administration Council of Australia in order to ensure that there is no obvious misleading of the customer."

Tags:anorexics, body, image, commercials, deception

Abstract
This paper is based on Nietzsche?s views on he ?will,? ?free will,? ?unfree will,? ?physical body,? ?subservient body,? and ?cause and effect? as outlined in his book "Beyond Good & Evil". The author attempts to write the paper in the same style as Nietzsche and builds Nietzsche?s definitions of the terms mentioned above and relates them to each other. The paper covers a number of important Nietzsche concepts.

Tags:body, cause, effect, free, nietzsche, physical, science, subservient, unfree, will

Abstract
The paper discusses how the mind-body problem has fascinated philosophers for centuries; is the mind simply the physical brain that resides in the body, or is it something separate, different and possibly more wonderful? The paper shows how the assumption that the latter is true is apparent in most religions. However, the paper notes that materialists have made strong arguments that the mind is nothing but the brain and its various states and processes. The paper discusses how functionalism proposes a solution to the mind-body problem by arguing that states are equivalent to inputs and outputs, so that the states we refer to as mental states are in fact the functions that respond to inputs and give rise to outputs. The paper shows how from this, it follows that artificial intelligence is possible, and that it is theoretically possible to build a machine which has strong artificial intelligence in that it exhibits the same series of inputs and outputs as some being with non-artificial intelligence - such as ourselves.

From the Paper
"The mind-body problem has fascinated philosophers for centuries. Is the mind simply the physical brain that resides in the body, or is it something separate, different and possibly more wonderful? The assumption that the latter is true is apparent in most religions. However, materialists have made strong arguments that the mind is nothing but the brain and its various states and processes. Functionalism proposes a solution to the mind-body problem by arguing that states are equivalent to inputs and outputs, so that the states we refer to as mental states are in..."

Tags:searle, churchland, functionalism

Abstract
There is a dispute in both the scientific and secular worlds regarding genetic cloning. Some scientists wish to clone headless humans to use for body parts. The paper shows that many experts in both the secular and scientific fields argue this is immoral and wrong. They call for bans on human cloning. Most people, however, feel the cloning of human stem cells to build human organs is justified. There are scientific and genetic; psychological, political and social, moral and ethical reasons for banning the cloning humans, however the paper shows that there are numerous benefits for the cloning of human body parts using stem cells and animals.

From the Paper
"In spite of the debate over human cloning, there is a consensus condoning the cloning of human tissues and organs for use as donor organs. Scientists and religious leaders agree the cloning of human embryos is justified, but disagree on the types of research that should be legal. Even, Representative Vernon Ehlers, who authored the congressional bill banning human cloning, believes the research should continue."

Tags:headless, genetic, prenatal, embryo

Abstract
Discusses the life and body of work of 19th Century architect Richard Morris Hunt. His successful career; contribution to city architecture (especially New York City). Key works he designed and created. His aesthetic views. Background of 19th Century architecture & role of the architect. Impact of the Industrial Age. Appendix with illustrations of some of Hunt's major buildings.

From the Paper
"Richard Morris Hunt (1827-1895) was born in Brattleboro, Vermont into a prominent family. He went to study in Geneva, Switzerland and later he enrolled at the prestigious Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris France. In fact, he was the first American to study at this prominent institution.

Hunt was the most respected architect of his time and was popularly known as "the dean of American architecture." He was awarded many professional honors and was one of the most highly acclaimed Americans of the nineteenth-century. In the forty years of his practice, he designed and created buildings remarkable for their wide variety of styles and types. The fact that many of his buildings are now seen as national treasures is a tribute to the man and his work. As..."

From the Paper
"Because our physical appearance is the most obvious nonverbal cue we present, it prompts others to perceive us with certain expected personality traits. For example, because of generally accepted physique-temperament stereotypes, evidence shows that we do associate definite personality and temperament traits with body build.

In addition to the superficial, nonverbal cue of body build, or "somatype," we also present a range of less apparent traits and behaviors which are less clearly defined by anatomy. Even so, we will see that these behaviors are sex-specific, to the extent that males and females interact according to different nonverbal agendas. These male and female differences in interaction appear to originate both in culture and physiology, although an interaction of gender and environment is the most ... "

Abstract
The paper discusses how ever since mass media began, with the advent of radio in the early 20th century, the possibility has existed for these media to build democratic societies. The paper explains that due to the fact that this is in the public interest, it has been public broadcasting institutions that have been important in harnessing mass media to build democratic societies. The paper discusses how in the earliest days of mass media, all was controlled by public bodies, but very soon private ownership emerged, notably in the USA. The paper explains how this inevitably lead to tensions between private ownership and public control over media institutions - would media be controlled by private, profit-driven owners, or by public institutions that presumably had the general good and democracy as their goals?

From the Paper
"Ever since mass media began, with the advent of radio in the early 20th century, the possibility has existed for these media to build democratic societies. Due to the fact that this is in the public interest, it has been public broadcasting institutions that have been important in harnessing mass media to build democratic societies. In the earliest days of mass media, all was controlled by public bodies, but very soon private..."

Tags:media, democracy, broadcasting