Abstract This paper researches the impact of computer technologies on kinesthetic learners, one of seven learning intelligences identified by Howard Gardner in 1983. Because the characteristics of the kinesthetic learner include learning through touching, moving, interacting with space and processing knowledge through bodily sensations, only highly interactive technologies that appeal to this group such as multimedia, hypermedia, visualization, and interactive computer programs are included in this research. The research results of eight studies covering education and technology are summarized and then analyzed for their impact on learning and the learning process itself. These studies include:
The Challenge 2000 Multimedia Project
The Collaborative Visualization (CoVis) Project
The Apple Classroom of Tomorrow (ACOT) Project
SchoolNet /Rescol Report: The emerging contribution of
Online resources and tools to classroom learning and teaching
The American Culture in Context: Enrichment for Secondary Schools (ACCESS) Project
The Lehrer HyperAuthor Study
The Highly Interactive Computing Environments (HI-CE) research
The Lego/Logo Project.
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Statement of the Problem
3.0 Hypothesis with Operational Definitions
4.0 Literature Review
4.1 Background
4.2 Computers and Kinesthetic Learning
4.3 Existing Research
4.3.1 The Challenge 2000 Multimedia Project
4.3.2 Collaborative Visualization (CoVis) Project
4.3.3 Apple Classroom of Tomorrow Project
4.3.4 American Culture in Context: Enrichment for Secondary Schools
(ACCESS)
4.3.5 SchoolNet /Rescol Report: The Emerging Contribution of Online Resources and Tools to Classroom Learning and Teaching
4.3.6 Lehrer HyperAuthor Study
4.3.7 The Highly Interactive Computing Environments (HI-CE) Group
4.3.8 Lego/Logo Project
5.0 Methodology
6.0 Results
7.0 Discussion
From the Paper "Interactive technologies that are appealing to kinesthetic learning such as multimedia, hypermedia, and visualization in virtual learning environments hold great promise for enhancing the learning experience. A variety of research studies have produced results ranging from the ability of interactive computing not only to enhance the student's ability to absorb complex information, but also to fundamentally reshape the learning process.
Interactive computing holds exciting potential to create student-controlled learning environments in which students are more responsible for their own instruction. And, interactive computing may change the learning behavior of students leading them to carry over the concept of information associations in multimedia and hypermedia into their own thought processes where they reach out to a broader range of external resources; form a greater consideration of who their information will be presented to; interact in longer-term projects with a broader context; and make stronger connections to subsequent learning and events."
Abstract This paper explains that there are eight distinct and independent intelligences: Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intra-personal and naturalist.
The author defines each distinct intelligence and gives an example of it application such as (1) linguistic intelligence involves sensitivity to spoken and written language, the ability to learn languages and the capacity to use language to accomplish certain goals; therefore, (2) to develop this type of intelligence, a teacher must discusses metaphors and onomatopoeia. The paper states that classroom activities should be more varied, allowing students to learn use and to develop all the various intelligences.
From the Paper "Naturalist intelligence is used in discerning patterns in natural, such as how differences species are related or what type of weather we might expect on different days. If I had a naturalist student, I would allow them to share their knowledge with other students. For example, during a science discussion about plants, I would allow the student to explain the evolution of plants in their own words because most teachers have the tendency to use words that most students do not understand. By allowing the student to explain it, the other students would understand it better."
Abstract This paper discusses whether bodily continuity is necessary for personal identity. It defines the meaning of identity, as well as the way that the term 'personal identity" is understood. In determining what constitutes identity, the paper also examines to what extent a person can undergo change and still retain his or her identity and if someone's mind is suddenly and radically changed, whether the original person simply disappears, to be replaced by someone else.
Table of Contents:
Introduction and Overview
The Body-Mind Dilemma Identity
Bernard Williams and Derek Parfit
Conclusions
From the Paper "Williams on the other hand, while acknowledging aspects of psychological continuity in identity, emphasizes that the body cannot be excluded from identity. Both these theories present cogent points and their views often interrelate and overlap to a great degees. However, in the final analysis there is no single definitive answer to the central question of this paper. A possible answer lies in alternative and "simpler' points of view, which question the fundamental assumption of the division between body and mind. This view explores identity from a perspective that attempts to transcend thinking in terms of this opposition."
Abstract During the past two decades, Howard Gardner's work in developmental and educational psychology has offered teachers and educational psychologists the means of education, but, until recently, he has not made explicit his theory of the purpose of education (the ends of education). His description of the means of education has been based on his research establishing the seven, eight, or nine intelligences. His work in the 1980s and early 1990s demonstrated that nearly all humans, regardless of culture, have seven basic intelligences (linguistic, logical/mathematical, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, and bodily-kinesthetic). Since that time, he has added an eighth intelligence, the naturalistic and he is toying with the idea that there might be a ninth, the existential.
Explores the meaning of giftedness, the theories of Gardner and Bloom in shaping gifted instruction, and ways to address the needs of gifted students in the general education classroom.
Abstract This paper addresses the ideas of gifted education and how it came about, starting with Alfred Binet and Lewis Terman's IQ test theories. Giftedness is defined in terms of both academic qualities and affective/social needs. Then, Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences and Benjamin Bloom's revised taxonomy are defined as ways of structuring questioning and learning in the classroom. Finally, several general teaching strategies are listed and described as ways for teachers to address the needs of the gifted.
Paper Outline:
Introduction to Gifted Students
General Differentiation Models and Theories
Differentiation Techniques
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "In any subject area, teachers can differentiate for gifted students through the use of centers. In addition to whole-class instruction for topics most students are unfamiliar with, centers provide independent activities that each student can pursue at his or her own pace. Teachers differentiated the centers with books of various levels, different prompts to reading materials, modified assessments, multiple levels of questioning, and more or less time at individual centers (Johnsen, 2003)."
Abstract This paper explains that Howard Gardner's multiple intelligence theory defines a person's intellectual capacity as eight different intelligences: Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intra-personal and naturalist intelligences. The author points out that one of the most powerful aspects of the multiple intelligence theory is how it provides eight different potential pathways to engage and stimulate children of all intelligence instead of a one-size-fits-all program. The paper relates that, because the act of learning involves a student using his or her own talents to engage with the material, non-standard, experiential and, hands-on activities such as storytelling, drama, dance, music, art, observation, experiment, constructing, problem-solving, discussion, reading and writing are all important.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Literature Review
From the Paper "Walter McKenzie's "Multiple Intelligences and Instructional Technology" also provides a wealth of ideas on the incorporation of Gardner's theory in the classroom setting, including at the Grammar School level. McKenzie brings together theory and tool for a practical implementation that might benefit all students in the class. He provides a detailed rationale for modifying standard lesson plans that exalt the reading, writing, and arithmetic so prevalent in established curriculum, and even helps teachers decide what intelligences are best incorporated into their unique learning environments. He hails the POMAT method in design, the theory of "backward planning" supported by Jay McTighe and Grant Wiggins."
Abstract This paper explains that, unlike the previous belief that defined a singular I.Q., the Multiple Intelligence Theory proposes that people use at least seven (7) relatively autonomous intellectual capacities which are linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal and intra-personal intelligences; these intelligences do not develop equally or at the same rate. The author points out that without the critical factor of acknowledgement of multiple intelligences in the first-grade classroom and that without this being acknowledged, the students in the first-grade classroom may be mislabeled and get off on their educational journey on the wrong foot thereby affecting them permanently in terms of their development. The paper relates that the four factors in educational reform within the theoretical base of multiple intelligences are (1) assessment (2) curriculum (3) teacher education and (4) community participation.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Background of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Hypothesis and Research Questions
Limitations of the Study
Definitions and Terms
Literature Review
Summary
From the Paper "Gaining an understanding in multiple intelligences assists students in gaining self-understanding as well as gaining an understanding of others personally, interpersonally, professionally and culturally. Another consideration is that the assignation of intelligence is different from one culture to another. For example while one culture holds that linguistic intelligence is more vital another culture may hold that logical or spatial intelligence is superior. Integration of learning styles is a challenge in the classroom and requires that the teacher assist the students in finding each his or her own identity through their own unique assets and strengths toward successful learning."
Abstract This paper covers a variety of topics related to learning styles. The author includes auditory, visual and kinesthetic, among others. The author also covers the emergence of online learning.
Introduction: What is learning?
How Do People Learn?
What is a Preferred Learning Style?
Visual.
Auditory.
Kinesthetic.
How to Reach Everyone.
What Teachers Can Do.
What employers Can Do.
What students Can Do.
A New Approach: Online Learning
Experiences of a Cyber Team: A Critique.
List of Contact Made.
What We Learned as an Online Group.
From the Paper "Teaching in the United States was traditionally ?frontal teaching,? where the teacher would stand in front of the class and lecture with little or no interaction, and even less consideration for those students who did not learn very well from that style of teaching. In the last 20-25 years, educators have begun to pay more attention to the fact that not every student learns in the same way. They have become more aware of and more responsive to the research that has been done in the area of learning and learning styles (Snyder, 2000). Learning is an interactive process, the product of student and teacher activity within a specific learning environment. These activities, which are the central elements of the learning process, show a wide variation in pattern, style and quality (Hood, 1995)."
Abstract In this article the writer looks at William MacDonald's review of the architectural achievements of classical Rome, 'Architecture of the Roman Empire'. The writer discusses that MacDonald contends that architecture works through a kinesthetic process by which its shapes and surfaces impact our consciousness and serve as devices of physical and mental learning. This essay explores this approach with reference to the Markets of Trajan, the generic structure of Roman baths and the Roman amphitheatres. This analysis argues, with reference to both particular structures and generic styles, that the Romans conceived of their architecture as conveying messages in stone and educating citizens and foreigners alike, in the values and culture of Rome.
From the Paper "William MacDonald, in his review of the architectural achievements of classical Rome Architecture of the Roman Empire, contends that architecture works through a "kinesthetic" process by which its shapes and surfaces impact our consciousness and serve as devices of physical and mental learning. This essay will explore this approach with reference to the Markets of Trajan, the generic structure of Roman baths, and the Roman amphitheatres."
Abstract This paper explains that the Elizabethans believed that all human beings were made up of four humours or bodily fluids. These fluids were associated with certain personality traits. The paper continues to use Shakespearean characters to qualify and quantify the theory of the humors.
From the Paper "In contrast, according to the theories of the humors, a choleric person would have an imbalance of yellow bile within him. The most obviously choleric person of "Henry V" would be the Dauphin of France. According to the theories of the humors, these persons were usually slim, wiry, and showed a great deal of color in their face when they were angry. They are, like Dauphin, ambitious, energetic, and direct. The Dauphin angers Henry V by sending the king tennis balls, a foolish and rash action. He constantly proclaims the French superiority to the English, and rages at every chance he has about the English actions."
Abstract Describes three different kinds of experiments examining body motion and movements. A study of posture in relation to vibration of the Achilles tendon. A study of motion sickness and factors that affects it. Examination of the wide-based gait and hip mobility in sitting of children with Downs Syndrome.
From the Paper "Introduction
Kinesthetics is the study of body motion and movement in diverse situations. This paper describes three very different kinds of experiments examining body motion and movements so as to show the wide variety of phenomena to which the field applies. The experiments that are here reviewed are:
(1) a study of posture in relation to vibration of the Achilles tendon conducted by Talis and Solopova (2000) at Russia's Institute for Information on Transmission Problems;
(2) a study by Mills and Griffin (2000) of motion sickness and factors that affect it; and
(3) an examination conducted by Lydic and Steele (1979) of the wide-based gait and hip mobility in sitting that is characteristic of children with Down's syndrome.
Posture and ..."
Abstract This paper examines how most traditional classroom studies promote a verbal teaching methodology that is contradictory toward most student's natural inclination to be visual/auditory/kinesthetic learners. It looks at how an appropriate teaching methodology should take into consideration a student's strengths and weaknesses of differing learning styles and should strive to balance these characteristics. It discusses how much attention has been focused on the theory of multiple intelligences and learning styles and explores the research of different theorists on the topic.
From the Paper "Linda Silverman and Richard Felder in one of many research studies related to multiple learning styles, focus on the learning behaviors of engineering students. In their paper entitled "Learning and Teaching Styles in Engineering Education" the theorists state that "mismatches exist between common learning styles of engineering students and traditional teaching styles of engineering professors" (Silverman & Felder, 1998). Silverman & Felder also define education as a two-step process that involves "the reception and processing of information" (Silverman & Felder, 670). For some learners, the reception and processing of information involves memorization, for others deductive reasoning, and still others reflection or action. Each of these responses is contingent on a particular individual's learning style."
Tags: multiple, intelligences, teaching, methodology, students
Abstract Children are natural artists, often using arts as a means to express themselves through color, form, sound and movement. Arts based learning is a vehicle in which students can learn subjects such as language, history and mathematics through poetry and song, narratives and drawings, dance and drama. The paper shows that arts-based learning supports a stronger model for engaging individual learning styles and preferences and tapping into children's ?multiple intelligences.? Arts based learning also has the ability to increase student self-esteem by encouraging many different forms of self-expression of knowledge. The paper reviews literature on the subject.
From the Paper "Elliot Eisner supports the concept of arts based learning and suggests that by teaching reading and writing through the use of alternative mediums in the arts, such as stories, paintings and song, learners become more actively engaged from an experiential standpoint (Eisner, 1994). "To neglect the contribution of the arts in education, either through inadequate time, resources, or poorly trained teachers is to deny children access to one of the most stunning aspects of their culture and one of the most potent means for developing their minds" (Eisner, 1987, Music Educators Journal). Eisner believes that arts based education provides an outlet for students to express their knowledge and creativity by engaging all of the senses, thus allowing student's to tap into their intrinsic learning styles."
Abstract This paper looks at the 'voices in the air' literary device used by Henry James in his travelogue "The American Scene". It shows, using many examples drawn from the original source, the wonderfully complex and subtle ways in which James is able to stream his consciousness to readers.
From the Paper "This paper is titled "Voices in the Air" for three reasons. First, it applies to the auditory images of New York used by Henry James in "The American Scene". Such images, often using the notion of deafening silence (voices in the air) to make their impact, are detailed and explained subsequently. Second, it applies to the various supernatural and ghostly images that James employed in The American Scene and which will also be studied in this paper. Third, it applies to the diverse range of images that Henry James used that ? like voices in the air ? are difficult to gather, let alone classify under themes. Although there is a lack of a common theme in these images and, therefore, disjointedness when analyzing them, they are nonetheless a significant part of the whole when studying the images of New York in "The American Scene"."
Abstract This paper is a summary of a learning inventory that uses Multiple Intelligence theory. The seven types of intelligence within this theory are: Body/Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intra-personal, Logical/Mathematical, Musical/Rhythmic, Verbal/Linguistic, and Visual Spatial. The paper discusses each of these types of intelligence and surveys the findings of the adult learning inventory.
From the Paper "This author recently took a learning inventory survey, one in which the various styles of personal effective learning were identified and then studied more closely. This ability to categorize and dissect the various methods of learning is very important, especially in light of the Multiple Intelligence theory that has recently been discussed and learned about. What Gardner, who originally introduced and championed this theory, was trying to provide was: An alternative to the prevailing orthodoxy that intelligence in humans is a general intellectual ability or global factor, which permeates all aspects of cognition, and most effectively predicts an individual's performance in school or work contexts, and in many other aspects of well-being in life (Allix, 2000)."
