Abstract
This paper discusses whether bodily continuity is necessary for personal identity. It defines the meaning of identity, as well as the way that the term 'personal identity" is understood. In determining what constitutes identity, the paper also examines to what extent a person can undergo change and still retain his or her identity and if someone's mind is suddenly and radically changed, whether the original person simply disappears, to be replaced by someone else.

Table of Contents:
Introduction and Overview
The Body-Mind Dilemma Identity
Bernard Williams and Derek Parfit
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Williams on the other hand, while acknowledging aspects of psychological continuity in identity, emphasizes that the body cannot be excluded from identity. Both these theories present cogent points and their views often interrelate and overlap to a great degees. However, in the final analysis there is no single definitive answer to the central question of this paper. A possible answer lies in alternative and "simpler' points of view, which question the fundamental assumption of the division between body and mind. This view explores identity from a perspective that attempts to transcend thinking in terms of this opposition."

Tags:body, mind, change, personality

Abstract
This paper explains that the nursing professional has accepted the position of emotional labor but at a high cost to these employees through the emotional and physical strain of containing a person's true conflicting emotional status. The author points out that employees should think that customers are not always right enabling them to process and control their emotions instead of just hiding them. The paper relates that this problem also exists among women lawyers and accounts for their greater degree of burn-out than experienced by men lawyers.

From the Paper
"In certain cases, the emotional labor is called empathy and this is shown by many health-care professionals. They have to engage in emotional labor through deep acting or surface acting for their patients, and these actions are bereft of emotional or cognitive reactions. There is a feeling that physicians are better healers and have more satisfaction when they show empathy to their clients. The physicians should be the first to accept that their work has an element of emotional labor. This requires that they give themselves a practice so that they can empathize with their patients. This sort of a long term and regular training helps the medical students and residents. It also helps in the development of their ability to empathize."

Tags:empathy, female, lawyers, control, conflict

Abstract
This paper examines the classic Greeks and Athenian view on the world around them. It describes the concept of the body, mind and inner self that lead to philosophical inquiry and questioning of the human mind and the resulting societies it created.

From the Paper
"Athens during the fifth century B.C. is often identified as one of the main sources of Western values and standards. Later Europeans and Americans regarded the Athenians as the originators of democracy, drama, representational or realistic art, history, philosophy, and science. At different times over the last 2,500 years they also attempted to imitate the "Golden Age" of classical Athens in everything from buildings to literature. Many U.S. state capitols and government buildings are modeled on the Parthenon or other temples. We still divide drama into tragedy and comedy in the same way the Athenians did. During some historical periods, such as the Renaissance, thinkers and writers made conscious attempts to return to the classical ideals in all areas of life, combing the works of Athenians authors for previously overlooked material in the quest to draw guidance and learn everything possible from this unique flowering of culture."

Tags:ancient, athens, classical, greek, philosophy, plato, renaissance, socrates, classic, classics, western, society, fifth, century, b.c.

From the Paper
"Nonverbal communication consists of nonverbal behaviors that "acquire meaning as part of a communication process". These behaviors, which are characterized as channels of communication, include nonverbal vocalizations (paralanguage), facial expression, body movements (including gesture, posture and others), proximity and placement, and miscellaneous aspects of behavior such as clothing, decoration of the body and interactive rituals such as greeting by shaking hands. Nonverbal communication involves two basic processes: the processing of information and the management of impressions. The first process is interpretive in nature as messages are decoded in order to draw inferences from nonverbal behaviors about another person's intentions. The management of impressions is concerned with impact as it is the process of encoding messages ... "

Abstract
This paper explains that the Elizabethans believed that all human beings were made up of four humours or bodily fluids. These fluids were associated with certain personality traits. The paper continues to use Shakespearean characters to qualify and quantify the theory of the humors.

From the Paper
"In contrast, according to the theories of the humors, a choleric person would have an imbalance of yellow bile within him. The most obviously choleric person of "Henry V" would be the Dauphin of France. According to the theories of the humors, these persons were usually slim, wiry, and showed a great deal of color in their face when they were angry. They are, like Dauphin, ambitious, energetic, and direct. The Dauphin angers Henry V by sending the king tennis balls, a foolish and rash action. He constantly proclaims the French superiority to the English, and rages at every chance he has about the English actions."

Tags:bodily, fluids, Elizabethan

Abstract
The paper examines two different philosophical concepts of the ideal society. It shows how Plato believed that humans are governed by three elements "bodily appetites, spiritual elements and reason" and how each person has a dominant element that determines his or her place in society. In Plato's ideal society, only people who are governed by the rule of reason should be allowed to rule as guardians. A society which allows the ill-equipped masses to lead will be chaotic, making it impossible for good people to live productive lives. It discusses how Marx, in contrast, believed that all human beings are creators, the natural essence of all humans is creativity and that human beings have triumphed over nature by creating society and social relations. The only way back to the creative human essence is moving back to a true communist state, one where people, no longer required to labor, are free to once again indulge in creative productive work.

From the Paper
"Like the human soul, Plato also viewed society as an organism. In Plato's ideal society, each person's social role will be determined by the element dominant in his or her soul. People who are ruled by bodily appetites would make the best producers; farmers, laborers, hunters, merchants and the others whose work sustains a populace's physical needs. People who are driven by honor, loyalty, fame and other spiritual elements should be members of a city's auxiliary and military staff (Lavine: 58).

Finally, there are the men and women who are ruled by reason. They are devoid of family ties and do not possess private property. Through years of training, they could enact laws and make decisions based on reason and wisdom, on what Plato termed the "idea of the good." (Lavine: 58)."

Tags:soul, elements, humans, guardians, reason, chaos, communism, work

Abstract
This paper looks at the most common types of weapons used in combat by medieval fighters from 480-1487 A.D. It evaluates what they were made of, their uses, how deadly they were in combat as well as different tactics used in battle at the time. Medieval weapons served two important purposes. Some of them, such as armor and shields, existed to protect the wearer, others existed solely to do bodily harm and were extremely deadly. Razor sharp swords could slice a man in half or sever a limb whereas arrows could kill, mutilate or set wooden buildings and thatched roofs on fire in an instant. Lances could kill a man, or remove him from his horse for the foot soldiers to deal with. Siege weapons could lay utter waste to a town decimating the people within. Medieval weapons were created to cause havoc and they did. They were early weapons of destruction and they served their purpose well.

From the Paper
"The hauberk was central to the armor a knight wore. It was usually knee length, and slit on the front and back to allow the rider to sit on a horse. It would be worn over a padded undergarment. This mailshirt weighed about 25 pounds. There was also a hood made of similar material worn underneath the mail helmet. Later in the twelfth century, a type of mail mitten was developed to protect the hands, and a long "surcoat" or "coat armor" was added over the mailshirt for additional protection, especially from the hot sun. Chausses, or mail leggings were also added, and developments in the thirteenth century led to the "great helm" a large helmet with a flat top protecting the head and some of the neck."

Tags:destruction, armour, mail, swords, lances, arrows, helmet, siege

Abstract
The paper begins with a description of the physiology of cystic fibrosis. The causes and effects of the disease on bodily function are discussed. The segments of the population that the disease effects are outlined, as well as the current status of treatments.

From the Paper
"That nagging cough we all have may seem like a nuisance, but actually it is serving a very important purpose. When the airways become clogged the extreme causes are severe illnesses relating to breathing problems, such as asthma or emphysema. Cystic Fibrosis occur because of malfunction in the pancreas and lungs in the transportation of body salt, causing a thick mucus to block the breathing airways, and mislocation of the protein sequence, which is usually caused by a single mutation of one gene."

Tags:cough, pancreas, lungs, airway, mucus, breathing, gene, mutation

Abstract
This essay draws on the similarities and comparisons between Washington Irving's "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and Tim Burton's film, "Sleepy Hollow" with specific reference to the daydream scenes.

From the paper:

"Yet this daydream has no few of the aspects of a nightmare as well. In the real world, the worst Ichabod will ever endure is a fall from his faithful, and borrowed, steed Gunpowder. In the daydream film, he shall be skewered with a ghostly sword, beaten, choked, and otherwise bodily assaulted. The horsemen will not be a possible figment, a traveler who merely keeps pace and tosses pumpkins; to the contrary, he shall kill any number of people."

Tags:scarecrow, fields, dreamer, hero, horsemen, fighter, pacifist, bookish, melodrama

Abstract
"Acupuncture, Qigong, and Chinese Medicine often called oriental medicine or traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), encompasses a vast array of folk medical practices based on mysticism. It holds that the body's vital energy (chi or qi) circulates through 14 channels, called meridians that have branches connected to bodily organs and functions. Illness is attributed to imbalance or interruption of chi. Ancient practices such as acupuncture and Qigong are claimed to restore balance. Traditional acupuncture, as now practiced, involves the insertion of stainless steel needles into various body areas. A low-frequency current may be applied to the needles to produce greater stimulation. Other procedures used separately or together with acupuncture include: moxibustion (burning of floss or herbs applied to the skin); injection of sterile water, procaine, morphine, vitamins, or homeopathic solutions through the inserted needles; applications of laser beams (laser puncture); placement of needles in the external ear (auriculotherapy); and acupressure (use of manual pressure). (Knipschild, 1990)"

From the Paper
"Acupuncture, Qigong, and Chinese Medicine often called oriental medicine or traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), encompasses a vast array of folk medical practices based on mysticism. It holds that the body's vital energy (chi or qi) circulates through 14 channels, called meridians that have branches connected to bodily organs and functions. Illness is attributed to imbalance or interruption of chi. Ancient practices such as acupuncture and Qigong are claimed to restore balance. Traditional acupuncture, as now practiced, involves the insertion of stainless steel needles into various body areas. A low-frequency current may be applied to the needles to produce greater stimulation. Other procedures used separately or together with acupuncture include: moxibustion (burning of floss or herbs applied to the skin); injection of sterile water, procaine, morphine, vitamins, or homeopathic solutions through the inserted needles; applications of laser beams (laser puncture); placement of needles in the external ear (auriculotherapy); and acupressure (use of manual pressure). (Knipschild, 1990)"

Tags:health, medical, treatment, ill