Abstract
Racial segregation in the 50s was a problem in public schools. "Brown vs. Board of Education" was the beginning of the Supreme Court recognizing that all people are equal.

Tags:brown, vs, board

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses a meeting of the Durham District School Board that was held on the 13 October 16, 2006. The writer explains that this meeting was the first such meeting that the writer had attended and considers the structure of the meeting and the interaction between the relevant parties.

From the Paper
"My attendance at the Durham District School Board Meeting, on the evening of October 16, 2006, marked the first time I had ever attended a school board meeting. Thus, even though I had reviewed relevant sections of the Education Act with respect to the duties of boards (s.170) and their powers (s.171), nonetheless I was initially confused as to the structure of the meeting and how the parties involved interacted."

Tags:education, board

Abstract
This paper discusses the landmark "Brown v. The Board of Education" case, discussing its consequences and offering original analysis and independent opinion of the case and its outcomes.

From the Paper
"In mid- 20th century America, racial segregation was an unpleasant fact. African Americans were discriminated against in housing, education, employment and even public services. According to Massey and Denton, and as cited in Ferguson, their segregation indices rose higher than in any past era or group and by mid-20 century, their segregation indices were over ... nearly everywhere and often ... or more in the largest black communities. Although President Abraham Lincoln had freed American slaves during the Civil War with the..."

Tags:Brown v. The Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Emancipation Proclamation, civil rights, stereotype discrimination, school

Abstract
This paper is a problem statement for a paper on SMART Board technology as a teaching tool for teaching autistic children. Also included is a rationale for why this will be a qualitative study.

From the Paper
"The focus of the study will be an examination of what new and emerging technologies have to offer in terms of increasing learning comprehension in the classroom. The educational context will be autistic learners in the elementary classroom. The problem to be studied is the need for and benefits of special targeted technologies specifically the SMART Board in a classroom for autistic children and ..."

Tags:SMART Board, technology, autism, autistic, learning, learner, education, problem statement, qualitative, study

Abstract
A look at the history and development of the Chicago board of trade over the years.

Tags:chicago, board, trade

Abstract
This paper outlines the Supreme Court judges that heard the "Brown vs. Board of Ed" case in the 1950s. It includes their backgrounds in terms of upbringing, past jobs, and views and how they were expected to vote in what turned out to be a unanimous decision.

From the Paper
"Because of the distinctive backgrounds and dynamics that existed between the justices on the Supreme Court from 1952 to 1954, a unanimous decision declaring segregated public schools to be unconstitutional was issued in the case of Brown v. Board of Education. Although it has been argued that Brown failed to institute actual societal change, it still is considered to be a landmark decision from a legal perspective. However, its legal impact would not have been as enduring if the justices who decided the Brown case had been divided in their decision. Because of this, it is important to understand the factors that resulted in a unanimous decision. The two central factors to be considered are the unique life experiences of each justice and the desires of both Justice Frankfurter and Chief Justice Warren to deliver a united opinion to the American people."

Tags:black, board, brown, burton, clark, court, douglas, education, ferguson, frankfurter, jackson, justices, plessy, reed, roosevelt, supreme, trumon, vinson, warren

Abstract
This research paper focuses on a fundamental element of the corporate governance process, the board of directors. In particular, the research addresses the question whether boards of directors as the "apex" of the organization increase firm value.
This paper also outlines the research proposal which seeks to explore whether good board governance leads to higher common stock returns for Swiss companies. The research involves the construction of a survey-based "Board Index" using provisions based on a Code of Best Practice portfolios consisting of companies that conform with the code and others that do not conform to best practice are constructed and then stock-returns are compared.



1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Literature Review - Part I
3.1 The Concept of Firm
3.2 The Agency Problem
3.3 Definition of Corporate Governance
3.4 Mechanisms of Corporate Governance
4. Literature Review - Part II
4.1 Board of Directors - Introduction
4.2 Models of Boards
4.2.1 One-tier vs Two-tier Board Model
4.2.2 The Case of Switzerland
4.3 CEO Duality
4.4 Outsider Directors / Board Independence
4.5 Board Size
4.6 Board Committees
4.7 Interlocking Directorates
4.8 Multiple Board Appointments
4.9 Frequency of Board Meeting
4.10 Board Diversity
5. Literature Review - Part III
6. Regulatory Development
6.1 Overview
6.2 The Case of Switzerland
6.3 Conclusion
7. Objectives of the Proposed Research
8. Research Design
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Data
8.3 Board Index
8.4 Board Impact on Firm Valuation
8.4.1 Performance Measure
8.4.2 Long-term Equity Return
8.5 Current Board Structure
8.6 Potential Research Problem
8.7 Ethical Issues of the Proposed Research
9. Expected Research Outcomes

From the Paper
"Nevertheless, corporate boards are the focus of many attempts to improve corporate governance. Regulators and shareholder advocates in the US have called for smaller boards with greater outside representation among US corporations (The Business Roundtable 1997). This movement toward specific board guidelines, typically calling for greater independence, independence outside representation, and requirements that boards have audit committees that consist only of independent outside directors, is a characteristic of the Codes of Best Practice issued in many countries (Denis & McConell, 2003). In Switzerland, for example, the "Directive on Information Relating to Corporate Governance" and the "Swiss Code of Best Practice" have become a listing requirement on the Swiss Stock Exchange as of July 1, 2002. Yet despite the extensive research, there is no clear empirical evidence that shareholders benefit from these regulations.

The proposed research addresses a number of important issues relating to corporate governance, board of directors, firm value and the relationship between these in Switzerland. Foremost, among these research questions is: Do well-governed boards of directors, measured in regulator's terms, increase long-term equity returns?

A test can be carried out in order to evaluate the hypothesized relationship between board governance quality and firm valuation; a board-index may then be constructed based on a survey of all listed companies on the Swiss Stock Exchange (SWX) (Beiner, p. 3). Based on this index, portfolios can be built, consisting of companies with well-governed or poorly governed boards. In addition, following the portfolios, a comparison of their long-term equity returns may be done (Beiner, p. 3)."

Tags:firm, corporate, audit, CEO, committee, valuation, structure

Abstract
This paper explains that many of the corporate requirements came about because the Amex, the NASDAQ and the NYSE wanted to ensure the high quality management of the Board of Director committees. The paper then discusses how board committees are structured, which ones are the most important or significant and which ones are the most likely to be needed based on the type of company. The paper examines several types of board committees, including the audit, compensation, nominating, and other committees. The paper also examines the functions of members of non-profit Board of Directors.

Table of Contents:
Legal/Statutory Basis and Terms of Self-Regulation of Board Committees in the USA
The Board Committees in the USA
Audit Committees in the USA
Compensation Committees in the USA
Nominating Committees in the USA
Other Board Committees in the USA
Advantages, Disadvantages, and Problems of Board Committees in the USA

From the Paper
"The standards are designed to show not only that the particular exchange is high quality, but also that it is safe and can be trusted . There is some difficulty with this right now because of the various scandals that took place in accounting firms such as Enron, and many of the changes that are taking place has to do with just such problems. Currently, the corporate governance requirements are a mixture of good governance and competition."

Tags:governance enforcement, sarbanes-oxley act, accountability non-profit

Abstract
The Toronto Board of Trade is an interest group that is supporting the government's stimulus package for various industrial sectors. This paper will employ Stanbury and Moore's theoretical framework to explain the both the character of the Toronto Board of Trade's and its lobbying behavior. The main argument is that the Board's lobbying is part of a subtle political exchange process that isn't explicitly discussed in Stanbury and Moore, but that can nevertheless be understood under the rubric of their discussion of lobbying functions. An ancillary point is that Stanbury and Moore's characterization of the weakness of business lobbyists is, in the light of the Toronto Board of Trade's success, a discredited hypothesis.

From the Paper
The Toronto Board of Trade's Support of the Stimulus Package Introduction The Toronto Board of Trade is an interest group that is supporting the government's stimulus package for various industrial sectors. This paper will employ Stanbury and Moore's theoretical framework to explain the both the character of the Toronto Board of Trade's and its lobbying behavior. The main argument is that the Board's lobbying is part of a subtle political exchange process that isn't explicitly discussed in Stanbury and Moore, but that can nevertheless be understood under the rubric of their discussion of lobbying functions. An ancillary point is that Stanbury and

Tags:canada, lobbyists, interest

Abstract
The paper explains that, in 1913, the Federal Reserve System, an integral part of the United States economy, was created by the Federal Reserve Act to deter the periods of financial panics, which were occurring in the United States. The author points out that managing the nation's monetary policy is the most important responsibility of the Board of Governors. The Board has three tools to conduct monetary policy: open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount rate. The paper relates that the increase in the federal funds rate is the Federal Reserve's way of controlling inflation because, by raising the cost of borrowing money when there is too much money in circulation, the Federal Reserve's intention is to slow the economy down.

Table of Contents
Introduction
History
The Federal Reserve Board
Responsibilities of the Federal Reserve Board
The Fed and the United States Economy Today
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve Board was established as a federal government agency and is the governing element of the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Board, or the "Board of Governors," is made up of seven members who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Once confirmed by the Senate, the length of a term for a Board member is four-teen years. No Board member may be reappointed to the board. Every four years a new Chairman and Vice Chairman are also appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate."

Tags:act, management, market, reserve, discount