Abstract
This paper is comprised of three different papers. The first computes the body mass index (BMI) of four different individuals and classifies them as normal, overweight or obese. The second paper is an exercise prescription for a given patient based on the data provided. The third paper is an outline of a lecture, "Exercise in the Older Years for Stress Management."

From the Paper
"Paper 1: The Body Mass Index (BMI) is the ratio between an individual's weight in kilograms and the square of his height in meters (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [USPSTF], 2003). The Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI) (2005) uses the following categories to determine BMI categories: underweight (<18.5), normal (18.5-24.9), overweight (25-29.9), obese class I (30-34.9), obese class II (35.39.9) and obese class III (>= 40). In pediatric patients (age <18 y/o), physiologic maturity based on secondary sexual characteristics (i.e. Tanner Stage 5) determines whether adult or pediatric parameters for overweight/obesity screening will be used (ICSI,)..."

Tags:bmi, exercise, prescription

Abstract
This paper discusses the definition of obesity by both the traditional standards and the more recent BMI standard.

From the Paper
"When the National Institutes of Health (NIH) changed the method of calculating obesity to the Body Mass Index (BMI) method in ..., the United States went from ... million to ... million obese people over night, thus changing how many people see themselves. So what is obesity? What does it mean to be obese, based on the standards of the NIH? Simply put, the definition of obesity is the state of being well above one's normal weight."

Tags:Obesity, morbid obesity, BMI, Body Mass Index, NIH, National Institutes of Health

Abstract
This paper first explains that the large number of corporate scandals over the past few years has caused many businesses to rethink the way that they monitor their operations. Next, the author examines the illegal activity of the investment company of Bernard Madoff, Aldelphia Communications, and Tyco and reveals the penalties that they now face. The paper stresses that the first step toward preventing this type of fraud from occurring again is to look at these past indiscretions.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
BMIS and Bernard Madoff
Adelphia Communication Corporation
Tyco
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Bernard Madoff is currently being accused of only one count of securities fraud. That single count, however, is for $50 billion and could lead to a 20-year prison term. Bernard and his company, Bernard L Madoff Investment Securities LLC (BMIS), were discovered operating a very large-scale ponzi scheme. The victims of this fraudulent scheme include major investors such as international banks and charitable organizations. Some of the victims include Steven Spielberg's charity foundation, various owners of professional baseball and football teams, HSBC, and RBS. "

Tags:ponzi, securities fraud, internal controls, sarbanes-oxley act, larceny

Abstract
This paper defines obesity as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher, which, in most cases, means that the individual is about 30 pounds over their ideal weight. The author points out that a factor complicating the calculation of the cost of obesity to public health is that obesity engenders and is linked to a wide range of other diseases and ailments that also increase the cost to the public sector and health care in general. The paper concludes that alarm bells with regard to public and private health care and obesity have been ringing for some time now; however, this alarm has risen to a new and more strident level by the increasing number of children and adolescents who now are overweight or obese.

Table of Contents
The Extent of the Problem
Obesity: Definition and Causes
Related illness
Public Health
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Obesity has a concomitant affect on an individual's overall health and can subsequently be connected to other illness and ailments and is also an exacerbating factor in many common diseases. "As obesity rates continue to grow at epidemic proportions in this country, the net effect will be dramatic increases in related chronic health conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease." Obesity also has an effect on many common illnesses such as diabetes, particularly type-2 diabetes. This form of diabetes is usually diagnosed in patients over 40 years of age and is caused by the body's inability to process insulin correctly. This form of diabetes is directly linked to obesity and physical inactivity."

Tags:bmi, ideal, cost, diseases, children, chronic

Abstract
The paper discusses how living well means certain things. The paper explains that you have to have a certain Body Mass Index (BMI) which is a ratio of weight to your height, and the BMI will show that your body weight is within a healthy range. The paper explains that living well includes many factors and they all have to work together; we have to eat well, which means having certain kinds of food and certain amounts of food while we avoid things like fats and fast foods. The paper discusses how we need to follow Canada's Food Guide and choose the servings that are recommended according to age and sex (EATracker, 2008).

From the Paper
"Living well means certain things. First, you have to have a certain Body Mass Index (BMI) which is a ratio of weight to your height. The BMI will show that your body weight is within a healthy range. When your body weight is in the normal range, that range is linked with the lowest risk of health problems. As a result the BMI needs to be kept within that range. Living well includes many factors and they all have to work together. We have to eat well, which means having certain kinds of food and certain amounts of food while we avoid things like fats and fast foods. We need to follow Canada's Food Guide and choose the servings that..."

Tags:nutrition, exercise, assessment

Abstract
This paper proposes a study to look at women with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 24 (clinical definition of obesity per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and see if their rate of breast cancer is higher than for those women with a breast cancer who are within normal weight standards. The study is to be done via a records review and personal interview when possible and it is hypothesized that those women who have a greater BMI will have a greater risk of breast cancer, regardless of tumor type, ethnicity and other lifestyle factors.

Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Review of Literature
Research Question/Hypothesis
Methods and Procedures
Exclusion Criteria
Selection
Summary
Appendix A: Informed Consent Form

From the Paper
"Breast cancer is a significant health issue for women world over. The older a woman gets, the more likely she is to develop breast cancer. When women are aware of the risk factors, they are able to reduce their risk of the disease. Women are often times unaware of issues surrounding absolute and relative risk factors. For example, smoking increases a woman's relative risk of breast cancer by 32%. All any woman must do to reduce this risk is to discontinue smoking. Yet many women are not aware that by losing weight, they may be able to reduce their risk of breast cancer. Better yet, most studies seem to support doing your best not to gain weight at all. "

Tags:weight, body, size, mass, fat

Abstract
This paper looks at the problem of obesity and presents details of a study with the hypothesis that college students who receive an educational nutrition booklet and teachings on the balance of caloric intake and exercise will have a significant gain in knowledge, over those students who receive an educational nutrition booklet and self study only. The paper provides a detailed literature review with a large number of studies that highlight the importance of both nutrition and exercise for maintaining a healthy body and averting obesity.

Outline:
Chapter 1
Definitions and Conceptualizations of Three Variables
Calorie (Energy Intake)
Exercise (Energy Expenditure)
Nutritional Knowledge
Chapter 2
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Literature Review
The Dilemma of Obesity
A Concise Description of BMI
A Concise Description of Energy Balance
A Concise Description of Specific Dynamic Action
A Concise Description of Energy Consumption
Obesity Rates amongst Minority Ethnic Groups in America
Obesity and College Students
Origins of Obesity and the Urban/Suburban Environment
Efforts to Control Obesity
The Changed Preferences for Eating Food
The Different Accessibilities to Food and Exercise
Conclusion of Chapter 2
Chapter 3: Methodology
Hypothesis

From the Paper
"More and more people are becoming victims of obesity. While on one hand, the precise causes of this disease are still unclear, the general conclusion most scientists have agreed upon is the disparity between the energy consumed and the energy used. This is to say, obesity occurs when individual lifestyles lead towards excessive food consumption and little to no energy-utilization activities. Zakus (1982) in his study pointed out that certain ailments, namely, Frohlich's, Klinefelter's, Praeder Willi, Klein-Levin, Lawrence Mood Biedl, and Mauriac syndromes, are the underlying causes of childhood obesity. However, these cases, he points out, occur in less than 5% of children (Zakus, 1982).
"Scientists have also explored the possibility of family genetics as a possible cause of obesity. A number of studies have examined the growth and development of twins in order to figure out this the obesity mystery. World Health Organization (1997) summarized a number of studies which pointed out that the approximately 25% to 40 % of BMI is genetic in nature (World Health Organization, 1997). Stunkard et al. (1990) pointed out that twins that have been raised apart have a BMI of 0.7 percent (BMI of 1 is considered to be perfect); this is slightly lower than the BMI of twins who have been raised jointly (Stunkard, 1990). In addition, Bouchard et al (1990) in his study used a sample of two twin-pairs. Both twin pairs had been subjected to overfeeding and it was assumed that the results would reveal gain in weight for both twin pairs. However, the results showed that the first twin-pair gained more weight than the second twin-pair (Bouchard et al, 1990). It is clear from the aforementioned studies that genetics play some role in weight gain. However, genetics do not change as drastically as the weight gain being witnessed amongst both children and adults all over the world. Therefore, while the study of genetics is important to explain certain obesity trends, variations in the energy balance (energy intake and energy used) has got to be the primary focus of researchers if they are to figure out the obesity mystery."

Tags:disease, weight, energy, tendencies

Abstract
This article begins with a very difficult problem, the problem being the certainty as to what the differences between causes and effects in diabetes really are. Depression seems to be important in how diabetes develops and becomes worse. However, there are other things at work. The paper discusses how these factors are body mass index (BMI), adherence to diet and exercise, and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy refers to the control the person feels and how successful they might be. The problem is which factor is the most important.

Tags:findings, model, value

Abstract
This paper explains that the intention of this study was to determine how early in their lives children, especially girls, are influenced by the media concerning their body image;and if that influence has any profound or pronounced effect, if the exposure begins during the pre-pubescent period. The author used (1) a self-assessment questionnaire of girls and boys, ages 9 and 10, from two different schools administered by the classroom teacher during regular class sections coupled with (2) the teacher's assessment of the child's self-esteem. This paper concludes that, more significantly with girls than with boys, weight and body image are inextricably linked as early as age nine with children already incorporated concerns of attractiveness as powerful indicators of how these children evaluate their own self-esteem. Tables.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Media influence
Other Influences on Body Image and Self-Esteem in Girls
Taking Objectification a Step Further
The Effect of Body Image in Adolescence
Factors Suggesting the Need for Child-Centred Body-Image/Self-Esteem Studies
Rationale
Hypotheses
Methods
Social Comparisons to Models and Peers
Body Image Satisfaction
Body Mass Index
Results
Relationships between Body Dissatisfaction and Reported Social Comparison
Correlations Between Body Dissatisfaction and Social Comparisons to Models and Peers by Gender
Multiple Regressions of Body Dissatisfaction on BMI, Grade, and
Attractiveness Attributes by Gender
Means and Standard Deviations for Social Comparison to Models and Same-Sex Peers by Gender
Teacher Assessments of Self-Esteem
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Because of the ages of the children in the study, it was decided that the best way to assess self-esteem would be to interview the teachers of the children concerning which children suffered from low self-esteem, and then correlate their answers with those of the children. An almost 100 percent correlation was found among girls between higher weights and low self-esteem. For boys, the correlation between body shape was stronger than the correlation with weight per se. It is easy to conclude, therefore, that "Whether or not they are too heavy, females who see themselves as overweight show decreased satisfaction with their bodies, reduced levels of self-esteem, and lowered psychosocial well-being, as compared with males, in general, and with females who do not consider themselves overweight.""

Tags:pre-pubescent, questionnaires, weight, teacher, attractiveness

Abstract
This paper states that the problem of obesity in the African-American population has been a topic of some analytical import in extant research and literature, but there is little agreement about the actual causes of this problem and the proper ways in which to approach it. The author points out that one objective is to explore the link between high rates of obesity and high rates of Type 2 diabetes in the African-American population generally, seeking to explore this link in detail and assay solutions that deal with an individual's insulin levels and levels of insulin resistance by population. The paper relates that the selected hypothesis is that a useful way of targeting and reducing the prevalence of obesity in African-Americans is to look at the problem from a perspective of community-based solutions, which can be applied in terms of empowering change at the sociocultural level.

Table of Contents
Definition of Problem and Clarification of Objectives Definition of Nature, Extent, Significance
Framing of Questions
Statement and Clarification of Objectives Explanation of Terms
BMI
Type 2 Diabetes
VAT- Visceral Adipose Tissue
Super Obese
Insulin Resistance
Metabolic Rate
Statistical Collaboration
Appraisal of Existing Information on the Subject Search of Literature
Classification and Organization of Information Critical Appraisal of Information
Disclosure of Gaps in Knowledge
Formulation of Hypothesis
Important Questions Needing Study and Formulation of Hypothesis
Consideration of Needs, Interests, Resources Selection of Hypothesis

From the Paper
"In terms of gender-related statistics, obesity is a problem that seems to affect African-American women more than African-American men, based on extant statistics on the problem and the prevalence of this statement within literature ranging from socio-cultural analysis to controlled experimental designs. Although African-American males also have comparatively high rates of obesity when compared to other demographic groups, it is African-American women who have a higher rate of obesity than men. As one article stressing the report of the U.S. Surgeon General states, "Among Blacks, nearly 70 percent of Black women are overweight or obese, compared to 58 percent of Black men. Lower-income families also tend to be heavier than more affluent ones, since sometimes the most fattening foods are the cheapest," Satcher revealed."

Tags:framing, statistics, appraisal, gaps, questions