Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses osteoporosis, a disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue that most often results in enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk. The paper further discusses the positive impact of exercise on women suffering from osteoporosis.

From the Paper
"Ernst's (1998) review of 21 controlled studies on the subject of osteoporosis and exercise concludes that. "Collectively, however, these studies leave little doubt that regular exercise can delay or halt bone loss in women." Specifically, he reports that exercises not involving any loading are not effective, or considerably less effective, than weight-bearing exercises. The optimal exercise regimen should thus avoid further bone loss and reduce injury risks. Weight-bearing exercises, as weight-lifting, jumping and running, appear best suited for improving bone mass. However, they can carry a risk of injury: patients experienced a higher than average incidence of vertebral fractures if they executed exercises with their spines flexed."

Tags:bone, exercise, mineral, postmenopausal, fractures, women, study

Abstract
This paper examines the US decision to move forward with a ballistic missile defense system. The author gives a background on the history and technology of ballistic missile defense and then examines the reactions of other countries to the American missile defense decision. Also discussed are the ideological and moral support for missile defense at the state level. Finally, missile defense is analyzed as a political issue in relation to the 2000 elections and as an economic issue for defense contractors and certain parts of the country that stand to gain business from an expanded missile defense.?

From the Paper:

"On March 23, 1983, President Ronald Reagan began one of the most important legacies of the last stage of the Cold War with a speech outlining his Strategic Defense Initiative. The Star Wars program, as it came to be known, immediately created tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as between the US and its allies, and sparked debate over the feasibility, cost, benefits, and consequences of ballistic missile defense (BMD). This debate may not have mattered much when missile defense technology was too immature to make deployment practical or even possible. However, seventeen years later, technology has advanced to the point where the US must decide now whether it wants missile defense in the future. A decision of this magnitude, involving billions of dollars and potentially billions of lives, must be examined closely at all levels of analysis."?
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Tags:reagan, sdi, star, wars, russia, patriot, technology, pentagon, china, bmd

Abstract
This paper explains that, when WWII broke out in 1939, membership in the Hitler Youth or the Hitlerjugend, the youth department of the brown-shirted Sturmabteilun, or the SA, was required of all German children between the ages of 10 and 18. Next, the author describes the characteristics of the Hitler's youth program, which so completely ingrained these children into the Nazi ideology of 'master race' superiority. The paper concludes that Hitler's strategy to empower children and adolescents, who became adept, confident, arrogant and loyal members of the Nazi army serving Hitler's dictatorship, was repugnant although brilliantly successful. Quotations and a picture are included in the paper.


Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Songs and Oaths of the Hitler Youth
Brave, Determined, and Arrogant
Hitler's Strategic Formation of Dictatorship
The Assumption of Possession of Superiority of the Hitler Youth
Bund Deutscher Madel (BMD) - The League of German Girls
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Prior to compulsory membership the belief was that membership would serve to advance them in the world around them which was quickly evolving and on a basis of "uniformity and solidarity". Just as in American civic organizations for youth whom enjoyed wearing "spiffy uniforms" the same can be said of the German youth. As well the satisfaction in belonging to a safe community that was dominant in the world around them and that offered protection the participation in camping, marching, and communal singing in groups was appealing to these youth and the presence of the "omniscient and omnipotent father, Adolf Hitler."

Tags:induction, father, arrogant, girls, self-perpetuating

Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the disease, osteoporosis. The paper first relates that, with aging especially in postmenopausal women, the bone mineral density (BMD)is reduced, resulting in osteoporosis, which has a higher risk for bone fractures. The paper also relates that, in addition to having the right health factors such as heredity, sex, and race, a diet rich in calcium and appropriate exercise are two of the most established methods of preventing osteoporosis. Some exercises designed to encourage muscular strength, bone mass and bone tissue to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women are aerobics, stair climbing, tennis, squash, racquetball and even walking. The paper also describes various exercise programs and drugs used to help treat osteoporosis.

From the Paper
"In order to understand how osteoporosis works, it is necessary to know the process of bone creation, known as osteogenesis. The forming of bone is a formation and resorption process. This means that there are two types of cells that perform opposite functions simultaneously in the constant renewing development of bone. Osteoblasts are the cells that form the bone. In order to form these structural units, osteoblasts lay down the matrix, an ongoing procedure of reformation."

Tags:osteoblasts, weight bearing, calcium estrogen balance