Abstract
This paper discusses the detoxification process considering the role of alcohol in liver-damage, including the severity of scarring, and cirrhosis of the liver, each of which are a result of excess toxins in the liver. The author reviews recent research on liver-function regeneration in light of the difficulties in of obtaining liver transplants.

Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at vaccines, which are considered blueprints to motivate and induce an individual's immune system to protect it from invaders such as microorganisms or viruses. The paper shows how when a virus enters the body, the immune system attempts to prohibit the invasion. The immune system activates specific cells to combat the virus. According to the paper, these specific cells involve B cells and T cells, which make antibodies to combat the virus from replicating in the bloodstream so that it doesn't grow further to infect other cells.

From the Paper
"According to the National Institute of Health, vaccines are considered blueprints to motivate and induce an individual's immune system by protecting it from invaders such as microorganisms or viruses. As the virus enters the body, the immune system attempts to prohibit and invasion. The immune system activates specific cells to combat the virus. These specific cells involve B cells and T cells, which make antibodies to combat the virus from replicating in the bloodstream so that it doesn't grow further to infect other cells. The T cells are considered virus combating cells or killer cells to attack the invaders. The viruses contain several molecules that the body may recognize as a foreign..."

Tags:hiv, vaccines, cells

Abstract
This paper discusses the substance, hexane, otherwise known as n-hexane or Hexyl hydride. According to the paper, Hexane is manufactured by the refining process of crude oil and the correct composition of the fraction depends more or less on the source of the oil that is crude or refined and the limitations of refining. The paper goes on to discuss the toxicity of Hexane to the environment and the effect it has on a human when consumed or absorbed into the bloodstream.

From the Paper
"Now let us understand about the toxicity of Hexane to the environment. The severe toxicity of hexane in human beings remains comparatively low, even though it is a soft anesthetic. (Industrial products: Energizing Business) Hexane can get inside the human body through the lungs in case it is present inside the air one breathes. It has also the possibilities of entering the human body through the stomach as also the intestines in case it is present in the water we drink or food we eat or can pass through the skin in case one comes into contact with it. The quantity that the hexane goes into the human body is dependent on the degree one is exposed and also its amount. While we inhale hexane, it gets into our bloodstream and is transmitted to every other organ of the body. Hexane is broken down by the liver. In case of one gets exposure to high concentrations of hexane ranging over an extended period of time, one of these breakdown products might entail damage to the nervous system of humans. "

Tags:virtigo, dizziness, paraffin, neurotoxic, cancer, hydrocarbons, oxidizing, elements

Abstract
This paper discusses the damage that frequent drug use causes to a woman's pregnancy and her children. The paper relates that women who use cocaine, marijuana and heroine increase their risk for health problems such as anemia, blood infections, heart problems, skin infections, hepatitis and sexually transmitted diseases. The paper further relates that drugs pass through the mother's bloodstream through the placenta and into the fetus and this can cause the fetus to become addicted to drugs and have withdrawal symptoms and many other health problems after birth.

From the Paper
"In the United States, there is a growing problem with the use of illegal drugs during pregnancy. Once a child in conceived, a woman needs to maintain perfect health to ensure she stays in the proper condition for both herself and her baby. Her body is now supporting two people and with the use of illegal drugs she can cause harm to both. It is possible to carry out a pregnancy with drug use but this can cause the child to have serious lifelong health problems. A mother who takes illegal drugs during pregnancy increases her risks for developing anemia, blood and heart infections, skin infections, hepatitis, and other infections diseases."

Tags:placenta, fetus, breastfeeding, withdrawal, symptoms, health

Abstract
Discusses functions of this group of glands. Main function to secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Control of various bodily functions such as growth, glucose control, blood pressure regulation, development of secondary sexual characteristics. Actions of the pituitary gland.;feedback mechanism. Effect of hormones on organs and glands. Examples of feedback control.

From the Paper
"The Endocrine System

The endocrine system is a group of glands whose function is to secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (Berkow, Beers and Fletcher, 1997). Hormones are substances which serve as messengers which control the various functions of the body such as growth and development, glucose control, salt and water regulation, red cell production, bone formation, blood pressure regulation, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and support pregnancy. The major endocrine organs are the pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroids, pancreas, adrenals, testes and ovaries. The hypothalamus secretes several hormones which stimulate the pituitary gland, which then releases certain of its hormones in response. It secretes others which suppress release of pituitary hormones."

Abstract
In order to establish infection in a person, a virus must enter cells such as lymphocytes, white blood cells of the immune system which normally protect the body from infection (Berkow, Beers, & Fletcher, 1997). The genetic material of the virus is incorporated into the DNA of the cell it invades, making the cell reproduce more and more virus until eventually, the cell dies and releases the virus into the bloodstream to infect more cells.

From the Paper
"In order to establish infection in a person, a virus must enter cells such as lymphocytes, white blood cells of the immune system which normally protect the body from infection (Berkow, Beers, & Fletcher, 1997). The genetic material of the virus is incorporated into the DNA of the cell it invades, making the cell reproduce more and more virus until eventually, the cell dies and releases the virus into the bloodstream to infect more cells. Protease inhibitors strengthen the body's immune system by preventing the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from making copies of itself and by boosting the number of virus-fighting T cells in the blood. This paper will look at the role of protease inhibitors in HIV infection. HIV is the virus which causes AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Deaths from AIDS in the U.S. have dropped sharply since 1995 ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses the liver and hepatobiliary system in terms of clinically relevant anatomy. The relevant physiology in relation to these organs is also discussed as well as pathological disorders associated with each.

Outline
Anatomy
Physiology
Main Pathological Disorders
Summary

From the Paper
"The liver is a vital organ for altering the activity of foreign substances such as drugs and toxins. This is accomplished mainly through an enzyme system called the cytochrome P450 complex in the liver cells. Drugs and toxins within the bloodstream are filtered through the liver cells and metabolized. The liver cells detoxify the blood by adding groups to the substances that makes them inactive or more water- or fat-soluble, where they can be safely excreted through the urinary system or digestive system. Alternatively, these substances can be broken down by certain enzymes, rendering them inactive. Some drugs, however, utilize the catabolic nature of the liver in order to convert less active or initially inert drugs into their active metabolites. "

Tags:toxins, bloodstream, metabolites

Abstract
Digestion consists of a physical and chemical breakdown of food. Because of the complexity and large size of the digestive system, diseases that can interfere with the body system are numerous and varied in their modes of transmission, their symptoms, their treatments, and their possible short-term and long-term effects. This paper focuses on three such diseases: Cirrhosis of the liver (caused by viral Hepatitis), hookworm disease (caused by hookworms), and cholera (caused by Vibrio cholerae). Each disease is examined in turn, its symptoms and its treatment. The diseases are summarized in a table at the end of the paper.

From the Paper
"The large size of the digestive system, along with the diverse group of organs associated with it; prevent the presentation of one specific defense mechanism against diseases. Depending on which organ the disease tends to focus on, the body reacts uniquely for that organ. However, the most definitive action taken against digestive system diseases are regulations and standards for living conditions. Many diseases that affect the digestive system relate directly to food, and undercooked food, mishandled food, and poor sanitation conditions are common factors in someone contracting a digestive system illness."

Tags:food, bloodstream, modes, of, transmission, symptoms, treatments, cholera, hepatitis

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the two drugs, Ritalin and Xanax. The paper discusses how Ritalin, known in pharmacology as methylphenidate, is a medication prescribed for individuals who have attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The paper also discusses how Xanax (alprazolam), is listed in a class of drugs known as benzodiazepines which affect "chemicals in the brain that may become unbalanced and cause anxiety." The paper goes on to say that Xanax is prescribed to "relieve anxiety, nervousness and tension associated with anxiety disorders," yet can also be used to treat panic disorders.

From the Paper
"Several other adverse physical effects are linked to taking Ritalin with other drugs which may cause severe and dangerous reactions, especially in children under the age of ten. Most of these drugs are MAO inhibitors, such as isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine (Nardil) and tranylcypromine (Parnate); the person taking Ritalin is well-advised to not use it "if you have taken a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor in the last fourteen days" ("Ritalin," Internet). Certainly, some people may need to have their dosage levels adjusted by their physicians in order to alleviate the above-mentioned effects. In addition, some people taking Ritalin have reported symptoms associated with Tourette's Syndrome, although at this point in time the reasons for this are completely unknown. "

Tags:Tourette's, Syndrome, allergic, reactions, lag-time/absorption, bloodstream