Abstract
This paper discusses the benefits of bloodless medicine and surgery over the traditionally accepted methods. It first discusses a history of the traditional methods and then looks at how technology has advanced to more hi-tech bloodless options. The advantaged and disadvantages of each method is discussed and alternative treatments are suggested.

FIGURES AND TABLE
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
BLOOD: THE JUICE OF LIFE
The Development of Blood as Medicine
Transfusion: A Gift of Blood
Blood Basics
Transfusion Practice
The Realities of Blood Transfusion
BLOODLESS ALTERNATIVES
Surgical Management
Blood Supplementation
Mechanical Enhancement
What the Future Holds
Advantages and Limitations of Bloodless Therapy
CONCLUSION
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
SURVEY

From the Paper
"Although few people are prepared to admit it, at some point in their lives they will, in all probability, end up requiring some manner of surgical intervention. However, the younger a person is, the less consideration is given to the decisions that will be faced in such a situation. This attitude is to be expected, as the common perception among most people is that it is only upon entering the "golden" years of life that the body becomes prone to the illnesses which necessitate surgery. The facts however bear out a different reality. In the year 2000, those between the ages of fifteen and forty-four years old underwent surgical procedures nearly as often as did those in the sixty-five and older demographic."

Tags:choose, healthcare, medical, medicine, report, right, technical

Abstract
Oman is a country about the size of Kansas, with a population of about three million individuals. Along with Yemen, its neighbor to the southwest, Oman has been one of the most isolated of the countries in the Arabian Peninsula. Until 1970 the entire country had only 10 kilometers of paved roads, two schools, and two hospitals. This paper explores the dramatic change has occurred in subsequent years, owing primarily to two factors: the bloodless coup by the present Sultan, and the foreign investment made in oil exploration by a consortium of five global shareholders.

From the Paper
"Because this economic revolution happened so quickly in Oman, and because its population was so illiterate and unskilled initially, the country had to import vast numbers of expiates to work many of the new jobs. Times have now changed in the Sultanate. The schools, colleges and universities have now educated the younger generations, and the Omani are now facing a problem in rising unemployment levels. The government has therefore started a system of Omanization: reducing the reliance on foreign workers, and slowly pressuring employers towards educated Omani workers."

Tags:Qabus, bin, Said, Al, Said, monarchy, ESCWA

Abstract
Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot described three patients with four similar anatomic features in 1888 (Fallot 418). These four features included stenosis of the pulmonary artery; intraventricular communication; deviation of the origin of the aorta to the right; and concentric right ventricular hypertrophy. These four defects became known as tetralogy of Fallot (Fallot 418). In the early 1960s, surgeon Charles Drew devised a machine incorporating refrigeration and a highly sensitive heating exchanger through which the patient's blood flow. It was used to correct septal defects in children with "congenital tetralogy of Fallot" and was capable of cooling a body that weighed approximately 68 kilograms from 37 degrees centigrade to 15 degrees in about a half an hour (Lawrence 514). This created the optimum operating conditions, as it resulted in a still and bloodless heart.

From the Paper
Student's Name Name of Instructor Name of Course March 22, 2008 Tetralogy of Fallot Introduction "Congenital tetralogy of Fallot" is a problem with the heart's structure that is present at birth. Its occurrence is extremely rare and is seen in about five out of every 10,000 babies, with boys and girls affected equally. This problem involves four defects including a large ventricular

Tags:tetralogy, fallot, heart

Abstract
This paper relates that documentation has been found indicating that the great October Revolution of Russian history was nothing more or less than a bloody riot with some, but not many, murders in the fighting plus a great deal of raping and pillaging of the privileged class. The author points out that it was in February, 1917, that the people, particularly of Moscow and the army, seized power in a bloodless coup and put into place a totally ineffective "Provisional Government" forcing Czar Nicholas to abdicate the throne. The paper states that the main problem among the Social Democratic Party was that the two men leading the two main factions of the party vehemently disliked one another; Ulyanov and his faction the Bolsheviks was slightly the larger faction and Trotsky's Mensheviks were of the educated middle ground and a definite minority of the party.

From the Paper
"Back in 1898, using the Manifesto of Karl Marx, the much-acclaimed German philosopher and firm believer in the "Dictatorship of the Proletariat," two men one Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov and the other Leon Trotsky along with many others formed the Political Party known as the Social Democratic Party. This party whose main goal, actually their sole goal, was to bring as much pressure to bear as possible upon the Crown in an unsuccessful effort to gain some semblance of social justice for the masses. This they did by means of every sort of act of civil disobedience they could think of for the people to engage in such as general strikes, specific strikes, create unrest within the military and any other disruptive acts of opportunity that presented themselves."

Tags:ulynov, trotsky, stalin, civil-disobedience, documentation

Abstract
This paper is an overview of the general causes of the Cold War. It looks at the political and economic origins of the almost bloodless conflict that lasted for nearly half a century and resulted in the world-killing arsenal of nuclear weapons that have proliferated throughout the world. It concludes that the Cold War erupted and existed as a conflict between two dissimilar ideological and economic systems that precluded the ability to communicate with each other.

Abstract
On 13 September 1923, General Miguel Primo de Rivera launched a successful and bloodless coup d'etat, beginning seven years of dictatorship in Spain. Primo de Rivera was a maladroit politician filled with the fervor of Spanish patriotism thought sufficient to navigate his dictatorship through the murky waters of politics. This paper will argue that the regime was more of a developmental dictatorship than one based in the usual fundamentals of autocracy. It concerns itself instead with describing the political realities in which the Primo de Rivera dictatorship was based, before moving on to discuss the objectives and achievements of the regime. The paper concludes by suggesting ways in which the dictatorship may have influenced the cataclysmic developments that drew the nation into Civil War less than a decade after the collapse of the Primo de Rivera regime.

Tags:miguel, primo, de, rivera

Abstract
This paper evaluates how the United States has done something that its European relatives admire it achieved a stable democracy free of aristocratic and religious tyranny and this was accomplished in a relatively bloodless fashion. The Europeans, whose struggles to break free of religious and political domination paved the way for the American Revolution. This paper examines the idea of democracy and shows how America today is an egalitarian society free of a class or caste system that is not ruled by a despot or tyrannical religious leader.

From the Paper
"As far as religion was concerned, Deism had replaced Christianity in America and even early practitioners such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine believed in the fundamental idea that every religion had its place in the new society. Deism's fundamental difference from other religions seemed to rest on the fact that Deists didn't believe all the miracles that were pervasive in other religions. Other faiths in Europe used miracles and stories as tales to commoners to bolster or support for a politician or religious leader who as the person "closest to God," is able to "translate." This misuse of power would never be supported in America."

Tags:egalitarian, society, religion, europe, french, revolution, democracy, 911

Abstract
This paper studies how science and medicine have combined to make the process of a blood transfusion both safer and less necessary. The paper looks at dangers involved with blood transfusions, and introduces a new procedure that should improve the safety of transfusing blood. The workings of the procedure are explained and its strengths and weaknesses are evaluated. It then moves on to other measures that can be taken, in making blood transfusions safer. It also deals with the use of these developments to Jehovah's Witnesses.

From the Paper
"Blood transfusions can save a person's life, but if the blood is not carefully checked for impurities such as the HIV virus, the transfusion can also take someone's life. However, a new procedure may help virtually eliminate any risk of contamination of transfusion blood by viruses such as HIV. Essentially, a chemical has been developed by scientists in California which, when exposed to ultraviolet light, binds to the genetic material in blood and the resulting bonds "prevent the two strands of DNA's double helix from unzipping, thereby preventing germs from replicating." (Pollack 1)"

Tags:science, medicine, danger, procedure, bloodless, surgery, techniques, HIV, virus, conservation, Jehovah's, Wtness