Abstract
This paper evaluates the use of home blood pressure monitors from a physician's point of view. The author argues that blood pressure monitors are beneficial in the treatment of high blood pressure when patients self-monitor their blood pressure readings at home. The author stresses that the monitor must be approved.

Tags:blood, pressure, physicians

Abstract
This paper documents a lab study of the exercise's effect on blood pressure and heart rate, and how graded exercise testing (GXT) can be used to measure a person's aerobic capacity and VO2 max. The paper explains a person's VO2 max is considered the most accurate measurement of the cardiovascular system, and that during the GXT, changes in the heart rate, blood pressure, serial ECG, breathing, and exertion can be monitored. All of these variables, the paper continues, can indicate what a person's aerobic capacity is, along with whether that person has a myocardial dysfunction. The paper points out that the ability to observe and measure these variables is considered very important because lacking budgets may prevent access to a metabolic calorimetry circuit. The paper's hypothesis proved correct, as subjects showed an increase in heart rate and systolic pressure during exercise, while diastolic pressure remained fairly constant concluded to be valid. This paper includes illustrative figures and data tables.

Outline:
Introduction
Procedures
Results
Conclusion
Questions
References

From the Paper
"Under normal conditions, systolic pressure will increase with exercise. However, the systolic pressure should never exceed 250 mm Hg. A large increase in diastolic pressure is not normal. Diastolic pressure should never exceed 115 mm Hg during intense exercise. Diastolic blood pressure has little variability with exercise. Failure of heart rate to increases during intense exercise is also an abnormal response to exercise. An individual's heart rate should also not decrease by more than 12 beats per minute within the first minute of exercise (lab manual, Durstine). Heart rate and blood pressure are measured for many various reasons. It is very important especially to measure heart rate and blood pressure during exercise to make sure the person is responding normally. When the maximum heart rate is exceeded, the individual may experience exhaustion and lactic acid build up. Also the body will stop burning fat (Misner, 2006). Hypertension, or high blood pressure, puts an individual at risk for coronary artery disease. Every 10-20 mm Hg starting at 115/75 mm Hg doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease. A normal blood pressure would be about 120/80 mm Hg. The pre-hypertension categories would range from 120-130/80-89 mm Hg. Stage one of hypertension would range from 140-159/90-99 mm Hg. Stage two of hypertension would include blood pressure over 160/100 mm Hg (lab manual, Durstine)."

Tags:YMCA, and, Bruce, Protocols, heart, rate, blood, pressure, measurements

Abstract
This is a lab experiment that determines the effect posture and exercise have on blood pressure and pulse rate.

Tags:blood, pressure, pulse

Abstract
This paper compares the use of a blood pressure cuff on the forearm, as opposed to the upper arm, for monitoring blood pressure. To make the comparison, the paper looks at a medical case where the blood pressure of a patient had to be obtained on an hourly basis in order to administer her required medication. The paper also reviews current literature about this method of measurement.

From the Paper
"A clinical case in which blood pressure was measured by placing the cuff on the forearm is N.L.; a 78-year-old widowed African American female from Memphis, TN. She is disabled and dependent on her two daughters, which she lives with, for most of her activities of daily living. N.L. was admitted to the intensive care unit at Baptist Memorial Hospital-Memphis on July 16, 2005 for hemorrhagic cystitis and respiratory distress. She has no known drug allergies. Past medical history includes congestive heart failure, hypertension, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, right below the knee amputation, morbid obesity, and sleep apnea. She has also had a tracheotomy since 2003 to treat her sleep apnea. N.L. was treated for respiratory distress upon admission by mechanical ventilation with a mode of Assist Control and 40 percent oxygen, which she was weaned from on July 18, 2005. She was also placed on Dobutamine drip, July 17, 2005, at three micrograms per kilogram per minute for management of a secondary diagnosis, congestive heart failure. The administration of this drug requires hourly blood pressure measurements. Blood pressure was measured with the cuff placed on the forearm, because large sized cuffs were too small for her upper arm due to her existing state of morbid obesity. "

Tags:vital, signs, diagnose, acute, chronic, conditions, informs, healthcare, professionals, treatments

Abstract
This paper analyzes Sandra P. Thomas' 1997 article, "Women's Anger: Relationship of Suppression to Blood Pressure" which looks at the effect of anger suppression on blood pressure in women. The paper shows that the aim of the study in this article was to examine the relationship between anger frequency, intensity and suppression to blood pressure and to see if there were differences in these parameters between women with respect to age, family history of hypertension and marital status.

From the Paper
"While the effect of anger on women's BP is important, there are so many variables involved, both physical and psychological, that a meaningful study is difficult to conduct. Sample chosen, timing of study, method of assessing anger and anger suppression, measurements of BP and their timing, and a host of health and psychological factors come into play and it is impossible to account for all variables (Fontana, Pontari and Nash, 1998, p. 2). The "white coat effect" on BP may come into play in a test setting. Results of these types of studies are difficult to assess accurately, and they can do no more than indicate some potential problem areas."

Tags:hypertension, Cronbach's, alpha, ANCOVA

Abstract
This paper discusses how high blood pressure (HBP) or "hypertension" is a cardiac and circulatory system condition that affects approximately one-third of American adults and is directly linked to the development of serious diseases including coronary heart disease, congestive heart
failure, cardiac strokes, and kidney failure.

Outline:
Introduction - High Blood Pressure:
Importance to Long-Term Health
Risk Factors and Risk-Reduction Strategies

From the Paper
"Race and ethnicity have also been implicated in the risk of /hypertension, with African Americans suffering from the condition at a higher rate than non-African Americans, in addition to the condition manifesting itself more severely and at an earlier age than Caucasians and Hispanics, for example. Likewise, African Americans suffer correspondingly more from coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and kidney failure (NIH, 2008). Other known HBP/hypertension risk factors are capable of intervention to reduce susceptibility to the condition: overweight and obesity, smoking, excessive salt and alcohol consumption have all been implicated in the development of the condition (MFMER, 2008; NIH, 2008; Ketonen & Mervaala, 2008). The medications prescribed to reduce HBP/hypertension include those designed to decrease excess fluid and sodium from the blood; other work by slowing the heart rate and by relaxing the walls of blood
vessels. "

Tags:kidney, failure, heart, blood, vessels

Abstract
This paper looks at the different types of blood vessels and relates their structure to their function. The paper defines blood pressure and looks at blood flow dynamics and the function of capillaries.

From the Paper
"Capillaries are the smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels and connect the arterioles, which carry blood away from the heart, with the venules, which carry it back towards the heart. They are a continuation of the smallest arterioles but the walls of capillaries consist of only a single layer of endothelial cells overlying a basement membrane. This thin wall permits the exchange of materials between the blood in the capillary and the tissue cells. This is the primary function of the capillaries, an exchange system..."

Tags:capillary beds, arteries

Abstract
The paper relates that according to Battegay, Lip, and Bakris (16), a person is hypertensive "when either [their] systolic or the diastolic blood pressure value is greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg upon repeated sphygmomanometric measurements in the physician's office." The paper reveals that the etiology of hypertension, colloquially known as blood pressure, is known in only 10-15% of cases (Katzung 159); however, blood pressure is deadly, as at elevated levels it can result in heart failure, kidney failures, and strokes. The paper explains that blood pressure is therefore one of the most dangerous illnesses that exists. This paper focuses on the ability of nutrition to control and even lower high blood pressure. Special attention is paid to the two pathways to hypertension over which nutrition exercises direct influence: arterial plaque breakdown and blood volume.

From the Paper
"According to Battegay, Lip, and Bakris (16), a person is hypertensive "when either [their] systolic or the diastolic blood pressure value is greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg upon repeated sphygmomanometric measurements in the physician's office." The etiology of hypertension, colloquially known as blood pressure, is known in only 10-15% of cases (Katzung 159); however, blood pressure is deadly, as at elevated levels it can result in heart failure, kidney failures, and strokes. Blood pressure is therefore one of the most dangerous illnesses that exists. Fortunately,..."

Tags:hypertension, diet, sodium

Abstract
Research demonstrates that sodium produces a significant effect on blood pressure, and that reducing sodium intake results in a reduction of systolic blood pressure. The paper discusses how sodium is one of a number of risk factors for hypertension and how reducing sodium has been found to substantially reduce high blood pressure.

Tags:hypertension, diet, lifestyle

Abstract
This paper discusses the drug, Diovan, and explains how it works in reducing high blood pressure. The paper describes the biological process of salt and water retention, which leads to high blood pressure, and explains how this drug aids in restricting the nutrients of salt and water, thereby, preventing retention in the heart. The writer emphasizes the need for constant medical supervision and for awareness of the various possible side-effects.

From the Paper
"Diovan is an ACE inhibitor. ACE inhibitors are used in the treatment of high blood pressure. They may be used alone or in combination with other medicines for high blood pressure. They work by preventing a chemical in the blood, angiotensin I, from being converted into a substance that increases salt and water retention in the body. Increased salt and water retention lead to high blood pressure. ACE inhibitors also make blood vessels relax, which helps lower blood pressure and allows more oxygen-rich blood to reach the heart (Muller 242). Treating high blood pressure is important because the condition puts a burden on the heart and the arteries, which can lead to permanent damage over time. "

Tags:medication, prescription, angiotensin, heart, attacks, disease, salt, water, retention