Abstract
This paper gives a comprehensive review of several articles which discuss safe strategies for preventing infection in a hospital setting. According one article, safe sharps management can and must lead to the prevention of infections to patients, staff, and visitors to healthcare facilities. It further examines how safe, well-thought-out procedures and policies are necessary in hospitals and clinics, so that individuals in and near the healthcare activity could not be inadvertently exposed to infections from blood-borne pathogens. Another articles cites various precautions necessary to protect individuals from infection. Complications associated with migrating catheters are also addressed in the paper, with an article recommending the use of an effective stabilization device because it allows movement. The paper takes a look at an article about the importance of washing hands, especially if they were exposed to blood. The paper concludes by stating that the seriousness of the infection-related healthcare issues should get the attention of not only nurses and doctors, but of administrators as well.

TOC:

Introduction
Summary of Article
Nurse's Knowledge
Migrating Catheters
Washing "Bloody" Hands
Self-Improvement
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Indeed, in the entire British healthcare system - and likely in Australia and the United States as well - nurses were the group with the highest percentage of sharps injuries. Still, avoidable blood-borne infections are being reported on a regular basis in hospitals and clinics - in fact between 2002 and 2005 the number of reported occupational exposures to blood borne infections increased by 49 percent (Aziz 92). And the data shows, "about half" of those infections due to accidental exposure were reported by nurses, Aziz writes on page 92. What is needed the writers assert is local protocols that can be posted in all healthcare facilities - and published in all workplace-related brochures, newsletters, and other materials that nursing and other clinical staff have access to."

Tags:catheters, sharps injuries, blood-borne infections, hospital infections

Abstract
This paper explains that, due to the high incidence of needle sticks and hazards associated with blood borne pathogens, OSHA has revised the blood borne pathogen standard to meet the requirements of the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act of 2000. The author points out that the organizational change in this specific hospital will be guided by Kurt Lewin's three-stage force field theory, which involves unfreezing, movement and refreezing. The paper relates that training the staff on the use of the new securement devices and the associated equipment, changing from current tape method to securement devices, is essential to monitoring; monitoring the involvement of the key people initiating the implementation of the changes is another key to success.

From the Paper
"It takes an average of thirty minutes to troubleshoot and restart IV's. In the overcrowded busy emergency department thirty minutes is a lot of time, time nurses don't have to spare. Safety securement devices can also eliminate glove tears associated with tearing tape to secure IV catheters, thus protecting nurses and physicians from blood borne pathogens. This can save the healthcare facility money by reducing the cost of IV materials associated with IV restarts. It is less expensive to prevent needlesticks than treat them. The CDC has recently acknowledged that StatLock is superior to suture in reducing catheter-related blood stream infection, OSHA and the U.S. Congress have recognized StatLock as a needlestick safety device."

Tags:pathogens, needlestick, theory, training, monitoring

Abstract
This paper studies the transfer of blood borne pathogens in the workplace. Blood borne pathogens are micro-organisms that are present in blood, tissue, blood products and other potential infectious materials (OPIM) such as semen, vaginal secretions and the like. The paper explores how these pathogens could be transferred from person to person within the workplace, citing the risks and precautions needed to avoid such actions.

Contents:
What are Blood Borne Pathogens?
Other Potentially Infectious Material (OPIM)
Exposure to Blood Borne Pathogens in the Workplace
Hepatitis B
AIDS
Syphilis
Osha Regulation
Summary of the Key Provisions of the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard
Procedures and Equipment for Reducing Exposure Risks
HIV AND HBV Research Laboratories and Production Facilities
Hepatitis B Vaccination
Hazard Communication
Information and Training
Record-Keeping

From the Paper
"Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) causes the most serious form of viral hepatitis, commonly referred to as serum hepatitis. (Epidemiology and Symptoms. n.d.).Hepatitis B virus infection is the major blood borne occupational hazard to health care workers. Symptoms of the disease may range from mild flu-like symptoms, or to more severe symptoms including jaundice, extreme fatigue, anorexia, nausea, and abdominal pain. Outcomes of acute forms of the infection may include hospitalization, weeks to months of work loss, and, in severe cases, death."

Tags:illness, employee, saftely, health, exposure, control

Abstract
The paper discusses the common knowledge that nurses are at risk for HIV infection from blood-borne pathogens, and especially HIV infection because of injuries sustained from needle pricks. However, this writer has been informed by more than one nurse that reusing a razor to shave patients can also result in HIV transmission. The paper relates that razors often are in short supply on a hospital unit and therefore certain nurses were in the habit of reusing the same razor for different patients. As a result, this writer made it a habit to teach patients not to share razors; after all, nicks and cuts do happen and there can be blood on the blade. The writer relates that this assignment caused him to finally research the question of whether there is possible infection or whether the caution is just a myth.

From the Paper
"I get colds very easily and they last for quite a while. I have heard very often that you should rest, drink plenty of fluids, and especially be sure to get high amounts of vitamin C. What is especially common is to hear people say that you should have vitamin C very regularly as a means of preventing the common cold. I wondered if vitamin C made a difference or is a medical myth. I knew it was common belief that vitamin C could prevent or cure a cold."

Tags:problem, research, response

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that every workplace environment, regardless of the amount of hazards or type of environment, should have a basic first aid, CPR and blood born pathogen training program or, at the very least, an emergency response plan. The writer maintains that the benefits and needs for proper employee training and precautions in such areas as first aid, CPR and blood borne pathogen protection are essential in today's business world. Not only may such training save a life, it will ensure that all employees are properly protected and, if all standards are properly followed, may protect the employer from potential areas of liability. The writer concludes that for this reason, all employers should, at a minimum, offer its employees a basic course in first aid and CPR.

From the Paper
"Cariopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is an emergency first procedure used on a victim of cardiac arrest. Although CPR is part of the emergency medical provider's chain of survival, which includes early access to emergency medical services, early CPR, early defibrillation and early advanced care, it is a procedure that can be performed by laypersons. In fact, because CPR is such a vital component in saving a person's lives, it is highly advised that all people become fully trained in CPR procedures. This is especially true in the workplace setting.
"CPR is a skill that must be learned from professional training and through regular practice and review courses. Typically training involves hands-on practice using a resuscitation mannequin. Like all first aid procedures, CPR is a skill that should be learned at the beginning of an employment relationship and not as a reaction to an employment emergency situation. Because CPR is such a specific procedure, it is best if it is taught by an expert, which will allow the person to perform CPR in an effective and safe manner."

Tags:emergency, blood, first, aid, CPR

Abstract
The paper explores how color contributes to the symbolism in the play "Blood Wedding". The paper goes through the colors blue, red (Blood), white and orange, and gives examples as to how each color is used within the play and what the colors mean in their context.

From the Paper
"Frederica Garcia Lorca's play "Blood Wedding" is filled with symbolism primarily concerned with color (including blood red, white, orange and blue). Many of the symbols are explored and come to fruition with use of stagecraft, costume, properties and vivid writing; these and the play as a whole make Federico Garcia Lorca one of Spain's most famed and celebrated writers, and Blood Wedding itself a resounding piece of literature. Born in Grenada, Spain in 1898, Frederico Garcia Lorca grew up amidst a melting-pot of cultures. His father was a farmer and his mother, a schoolteacher. They encouraged him to develop and explore himself..."

Tags:lorca, blood wedding, symbolism

Abstract
This paper documents a lab study of the exercise's effect on blood pressure and heart rate, and how graded exercise testing (GXT) can be used to measure a person's aerobic capacity and VO2 max. The paper explains a person's VO2 max is considered the most accurate measurement of the cardiovascular system, and that during the GXT, changes in the heart rate, blood pressure, serial ECG, breathing, and exertion can be monitored. All of these variables, the paper continues, can indicate what a person's aerobic capacity is, along with whether that person has a myocardial dysfunction. The paper points out that the ability to observe and measure these variables is considered very important because lacking budgets may prevent access to a metabolic calorimetry circuit. The paper's hypothesis proved correct, as subjects showed an increase in heart rate and systolic pressure during exercise, while diastolic pressure remained fairly constant concluded to be valid. This paper includes illustrative figures and data tables.

Outline:
Introduction
Procedures
Results
Conclusion
Questions
References

From the Paper
"Under normal conditions, systolic pressure will increase with exercise. However, the systolic pressure should never exceed 250 mm Hg. A large increase in diastolic pressure is not normal. Diastolic pressure should never exceed 115 mm Hg during intense exercise. Diastolic blood pressure has little variability with exercise. Failure of heart rate to increases during intense exercise is also an abnormal response to exercise. An individual's heart rate should also not decrease by more than 12 beats per minute within the first minute of exercise (lab manual, Durstine). Heart rate and blood pressure are measured for many various reasons. It is very important especially to measure heart rate and blood pressure during exercise to make sure the person is responding normally. When the maximum heart rate is exceeded, the individual may experience exhaustion and lactic acid build up. Also the body will stop burning fat (Misner, 2006). Hypertension, or high blood pressure, puts an individual at risk for coronary artery disease. Every 10-20 mm Hg starting at 115/75 mm Hg doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease. A normal blood pressure would be about 120/80 mm Hg. The pre-hypertension categories would range from 120-130/80-89 mm Hg. Stage one of hypertension would range from 140-159/90-99 mm Hg. Stage two of hypertension would include blood pressure over 160/100 mm Hg (lab manual, Durstine)."

Tags:YMCA, and, Bruce, Protocols, heart, rate, blood, pressure, measurements

Abstract
The paper compares a hospital's policy on blood transfusion and an article on the blood transfusion process and discusses their application to nursing.

From the Paper
"Hospitals such as New York Hospital, Queens, create multiple policies and procedures focused on various aspects of patient care services that impact upon interventions by nurses, physicians and other caregivers. New York Hospital, Queens, constructed a policy and procedure on blood transfusions with the intent of providing specific guidelines for the administration of blood and blood products to all patient cohorts by using maximum strategies for achieving safety and appropriateness. An article by Tien Nascimento Callum and Rizoli focused on an aspect..."

Tags:blood transfusion, nursing

Abstract
A paper on the effect of weightlessness on the circulatory system which proves that zero gravity reduces blood flow in the body causing dizziness and fainting of people on space flights but has no lasting effects once returned to earth.

Tags:weightlessness, blood, circulation

Abstract
This paper argues in favor of public policy to implement needle exchange programs in order to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV and AIDS. The paper also presents opposing views. The paper concludes with an examination of why the U.S. is one of few nations to oppose support for needle exchange programs.

From the Paper
"In the face of America's long held belief that prohibition is the only way to combat drug use in this country, there is an additional fear that is involved in being a junkie. This fear being the contraction of HIV...."

Tags:public health, government, healthcare, syringes, blood-borne pathogens, addicts, intravenous drug use, epidemic