Abstract
The paper provides a brief overview of the literature on color blindness in terms of its nature and its etiology. The presented overview answers four questions about color blindness. These are: (1) What is color blindness? (2) What are its causes? and (3) How is color blindness diagnosed? and (4)Is there a treatment or cure?

From the Paper
"According to Evans, about ... million people in the United States are color blind. The inability to distinguish colors, Evans states, can be quite frustrating for people. These frustrations include difficulties and problems with reading maps, distinguishing colored LEDS correctly, perceiving traffic lights and related signals, using crayons, understanding test strips for pH and so forth. It can also make for a good deal of difficulty cooking foods and distinguishing appropriate ingredients, e.g. ketchup from chocolate. The purpose of this paper is to..."

Tags:color, blindness

Abstract
This papers begins with Heward's chapter on blindness and low vision and their nature as sources of individuality and challenges in educational settings. It looks at how Heward favours understanding of the visually impaired as having a different perception of life and the world. He is also a proponent of rectifying Braille as compared to Internet sources selling appliances to aid blind, low vision students as though these were essential.

From the Paper
"Individuals faced with blindness or low vision as a lifelong or acquired disability are apt to confront a great variety of materials, especially, on subjects of adaptations that are possible to permit normal living, including the needs of Education. This paper explores a number of substantial Internet sites addressing blindness and low vision, directly, and with reference to other published material in William L. Heward's chapter on blindness and low vision in the 2002 edition of Exceptional Children - Introduction to Special Education (402-437)."

Tags:blindness, lowvision, controversies

Abstract
This paper discusses the life of an individual who has the sensory impairment of deaf-blindness. The paper goes into detail of how a person with this impairment must live and learn to communicate, using methods other than vision and hearing. Different methods are introduced as well as opinions and research by experts in the field. Finally, there are individual testimonies as well as techniques, which allow communication to occur.

From the Paper
"After communication is successfully achieved there are still many difficulties that a person must face. We all have to remember that a deaf-blind individual may actually have no sight or hearing. Venturing outside of the home and classroom is often very difficult. One thing to make hearing, seeing, or both people aware of is that when outside, deaf-blind individuals use a red and white cane."

Tags:blind, blindness, deaf

Abstract
In this article the writer reviews and contrasts two physical impairments, blindness and deafness, using scholarly research on the subject of blindness and visual impairment as well as Nora Ellen Groce's "Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language: Hereditary Deafness on Martha's Vineyard". The writer maintains that most people believe that to see is to perceive acutely and hence to understand, while to hear without seeing leaves one left to conjure up pictures in the mind's eye as to what likely is there making the sound. Further, the writer points out, not only are people uninformed about eyesight during aging, but they tend to be ignorant of local resources available to them. The writer maintains that according to a study, the most effective tools for informing people about eyesight issues are newspapers for adults and the Internet for younger people.

Outline:
Introduction
Blindness, Low Vision, and the Search for a Model
Deafness on Martha's Vineyard
Deafness in Two Swedish Counties
Blindness - "Promoting a Message on Vision Loss..."
Works Cited

From the Paper
"To be deaf, or blind; if a hundred people were given that choice, hypothetically, how many would choose deafness over being sightless? Ninety? Ninety-five? All one hundred? It would likely be most, if not all, one hundred, because vision offers so much to the brain, the senses, and the heart."
"That is not to discount the impact of serious hearing loss, but clearly, most people believe that to see is to perceive acutely and hence to understand, while to hear without seeing leaves one left to conjure up pictures in the mind's eye as to what likely is there making the sound. Approaching a train crossing in reckless fashion without the aid of auditory support is potentially suicidal, of course; but approaching a train crossing with no auditory abilities and yet using keen eyesight for oncoming train traffic is making the best of an impaired situation - and also it is just the use of good sound human judgment."

Tags:vision, hearing, loss, blind

Abstract
This essay explains metaphoric and literal blindness in the play "Oedipus Rex". Additionally, light and dark imagery in the play are discussed. The focus is on the evolution of Oedipus' own self-realization and transformation from metaphorically blind to literally blind. His biological parents and those who tried to warn him of upcoming danger are also discussed.

From the Paper
"Sophocles uses the images of darkness and light as well as symbolic (and literal) blindness throughout the play "Oedipus Rex". Light is a representation that refers to the truth in this work where dark refers to the absence of knowledge or purposely avoiding the truth. Also in the play, blindness means not only the absence of sight, but mostly the refusal to accept the truth. Oedipus himself characterizes the implied blindness by rejecting common sense and not listening to anyone's advice throughout the play. His self-absorbed failure to recognize reason comes to a climax when he realizes just how wrong he has been and how his..."

Tags:oedipus, light, blind

Abstract
This paper reviews the play "Oedipus the King" by Sophocles, concentrating on the theme of blindness. The paper explains that both physical and mental blindness appear in the play, as Tiresias is physically blind and Oedipus is mentally blind to the prophecy unfolding around him. The paper goes on to state that Oedipus eventually acquires physical blindness as well, when he gouges out his eyes in the conviction that no earthly sight can possibly bring him anything but pain. The paper concludes that Sophocles incorporates strong irony with the motif of physical and mental blindness to create the story of Oedipus as a tragic hero.

From the Paper
"When the play first begins, Oedipus is mentally blind to the whole prophecy that is prevalent in the story. As it begins to play out, Oedipus begins to become more and more aggravated with what he is refusing to believe is the truth. When Creon asks how the plague can be taken care of, Tiresias says the one who murdered Laius would have to be banished from Thebes. Tiresias indirectly explains to Oedipus that he, himself, is in fact the murderer. Sophocles effectively uses the motif of blindness through the way Oedipus completely acts like the prophecy is nothing but a lie. That is just the first of several coincidental circumstances that surround Oedipus in this play. Another example is when Jocasta, his wife, tells him that when she was younger an oracle told her that her son would grow up just to murder his father. This event allows Oedipus to look back on a time where he was traveling and was attacked by three other unknown travelers. Oedipus murders him in self defense, or so he says. Oedipus learns also that he is to marry his mother, if he is in fact the subject of the prophecy. He thinks that this part of the prophecy gets him out of the chances of being the murderer of Laius, but that is soon changed when Jocasta informs him they did have a son but gave him away in hopes of the prophecy turning out false. When he was given away, his ankles were shackled and screwed together, and as he hears this, he recalls that his ankles have symptoms of being screwed together. Even with all of these circumstantial ideas happening, Oedipus is still mentally blind to the facts."

Tags:Tiresias, Laius, Creon, Jocasta

Abstract
The paper discusses how there is great similarity in the stories, "Blindness" by Jose Saramago and "The Plague" by Albert Camus, both which deal with different types of plagues. The plague by Camus is similar to the black plague, spread by rats. In "Blindness" the white blindness starts with an unnamed man simply called the motorist who becomes blind driving into town. The paper shows how both books offer character studies of people caught or trapped in a situation from which there seems no escape.

From the Paper
"The children in both Blindness (the little girl) and in the Plague represent innocence caught up in madness. In both stories the madness is caused by a disease but it is the break down of society that is the real story. Without the constraints of society and laws people revert back to their lowest forms, like animals on the hunt for survival. Only the children are innocent and without guile. They are caught in a situation they don't understand. They are the true victims in both stories because there is nothing they can do to help themselves. They can't become a hero like the doctor's wife and the doctor in the Plague. They can't save themselves like Cottard with his evil machinations. They are both left to the vagaries of fate with their only hope in others."

Tags:Bernard, Rieux, Jean, Tarrou, Cottard

Abstract
This paper examines the role that Milton's blindness plays within the composition of "Paradise Lost". It first refutes the common notion that the poet's blindness is a conscious motif and contends that instead, the blindness should be seen as a fortuitous circumstance that allows the poet towards the transcendental vision. The paper paints the historical circumstance that necessitated the grand vision of Milton and outlines the specific nature of Milton's faith, and explains how this faith impels him towards his singular task. At the cusp of a new age Milton feels the necessity to rewrite the Genesis story, and this stupendous task requires divine inspiration. In this context, the paper justifies the frequent invocations to the Muse undertaken by the poet. The key invocations are individually explained in the context of where they occur in the poem. Each one is shown to be necessary as they take the poem to the new level of poetic vision. The strategic use of light and darkness is carefully examined to put this point across. Finally, the poet is defended against the charges of poetic hubris. It is argued that Milton's claims are sincere, and that his vision in indeed grand and divinely inspired.

From the Paper
"The first thing we must be clear about is Milton's religion. He is usually described as a Puritan, but I will argue that he is closer to being a Quaker, and one before Quakerism was first widely preached by George Fox. The entire gist of the poem is to convey the message that truth lies only within, and that one must search within one's soul in order to find the guidance of God. In other words, he is drawing our attention towards the "Inner Light", the same that is revered by the Quakers. The later group believes that it is not possible to describe the Inner Light in concrete terms, and that it is only faith that will lead us to it. This inability is reflected in the absence of any form of ritual or creed in the practice of Quakerism. In Quaker gatherings worship is only through the spontaneous connection with the inner light in otherwise silent communions. "

Tags:Hell, pandemonium, Puritan, Satan, Protestantism, Adam, Eve

Abstract
This paper examines the causes of various types of blindness such as macular degeneration, river blindness and stargardt disease. It also discusses various ways of overcoming some forms of blindness with treatments such as medication, silicon retinas and bionic eyes.

From the Paper
"The most common of all forms of retinitis pigmentosa is a gradual degeneration of the rods and cones, which are known as rod-cone dystrophy, usually beginning with night blindness. Night blindness is like the experience normally sighted individuals encounter when entering a dark movie theater on a bright and sunny day. Unfortunately, people with the disease cannot adjust well to dark and dimly lit environments. Patients tend to experience a ring of central vision loss in their mid- margin with small islands of vision in their very far margin."

Tags:retina, macular, degeneration, river, stargardt

Abstract
Oedipus, the main character in Sophocles' play "Oedipus Rex", could not see the truth, but the blind man, Teiresias, "saw" it plainly. This paper discusses how Sophocles uses blindness as a motif in the play since Oedipus, known for his intelligence, is ignorant and therefore blind to the truth about himself and his past. It also shows that when Teiresias exposes the truth he is shunned and how Oedipus has to overcome his "blindness," realize the truth and accept fate.

From the Paper
"Unwillingly, Teiresias the blind seer provides Oedipus with the hurtful truth. Although before the truth is announced, Oedipus describes Teiresias as a "seer: student of mysteries." Oedipus looks to Teiresias for help in finding the murderer of the former king. He is trusted and respected by everyone in the city as evidenced by his introduction as "the holy prophet In whom, alone of all men, truth was born." Yet, when Teiresias speaks, reluctantly but honestly to Oedipus, he is shunned and his credibility and motives are attacked. Oedipus accuses Teiresias of plotting against him and helping Kreon become king. He claims that Kreon " has brought this decrepit fortune-teller, this collector of dirty pennies, this prophet fraud" to him."

Tags:teiresias, seer, creon