Abstract This is an anatomy paper which discusses gall bladder disorders. The writer first provides background information and then explores homeopathic treatments. It explains the need for alternative treatments to surgery and drugs.
From the Paper "The gall bladder is a small, pear-shaped organ nestled beneath the liver. It stores treats the bile from the liver, and then dumps the bile into the intestines. Gall bladders can suffer several disorders, such as gallstones, gall bladder sludge, infection and inflammation, and even cancer. Some symptoms of gall bladder disorders include nausea or vomiting, pain in the upper abdomen or between the shoulders, abdominal bloating, continued intolerance of fatty foods, and gas and/or indigestion (Comforth). Patients may also notice a fever, or slight jaundice (yellow skin or whites of the eyes) (Bartel). Gallstones are the most common form of gall bladder disorder, and usually are the cause of at least 80 percent of gall bladder disorders. Usually, there are always stones present in most gall bladders. However, when the stones move, and block the cystic duct, which is the main artery out of the gall bladder, problems occur. This is when the gall bladder cannot remove the bile, and it builds up inside the gall bladder with not outlet. Eventually this can lead to other complications, such as inflammation, infection, and even bursting of the gall bladder."
Abstract This paper examines how the illegal drug market in the United States is one of the most profitable in the world and attracts the most sophisticated and aggressive drug traffickers. It describes many methods of trafficking including the use of a collapsible rubber fuel "bladder". It also looks at how the United States Customs Service, an agency of the U. S. Treasury Department, is the primary enforcement agency protecting the United States and the only border agency with extensive air, land and marine interdiction forces and its own intelligence branch.
From the Paper "The traffic and distribution of illegal drugs involves diverse groups. Criminal groups operating from South America "smuggle cocaine and heroin into the United States via a variety of routes, including land routes through Mexico, maritime routes along Mexico's east and west coasts, sea routes through the Caribbean, and international air corridors." Then there are criminal groups operating in Mexico that smuggle cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, amphetamine, and marijuana across the Southwest Border into the United States for distribution. Aside from the foreign import of drugs, there are domestic organizations that cultivate, produce, manufacture, and distribute illegal drugs such as marijuana, methamphetamine, phencyclidine, PCP, and lysergic acid diethyamide, and LSD."
Abstract This paper explores the use of Cranberry as a prophylactic intervention for urinary tract infections (UTI). It presents a research proposal to compare groups of adult pre-menopausal women who are susceptible to UTI to determine if the participants consuming cranberries have a lower rate of UTI than those not consuming cranberries and if larger amounts results in a lower incidence of UTI. A review of seven pieces of primary literature, aimed at determining the effectiveness of cranberry at reducing UTIs in populations of; women, elderly men and women, spinal cord injured adults and children with a neurogenic bladder (a bladder dysfunction associated with neurological malfunction) is also undertaken. The literature was selected because it represented a cross section of society, allowing comparisons to be made across different populations. The literature is analysed to allow the current writer to form opinions based upon the evidence. Two tables and a glossary of terms are included with the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Background Information
Aim of the Literature Review
Search Strategy
Objectives of the studies
Design
Subjects & Settings
Methods & interventions
Cost Effectiveness
Ethical Consideration
Results/Effectiveness
Populations of elderly women, and men and women
Populations of women
Populations of children with a neurogenic bladder Population of spinal cord injured patients
Cranberry Interventions
Conclusion and direction for the future
Research Proposal
Title
Study Problem/Purpose
Relevance/Study Rationale
Literature Review
Research Objectives/Research Questions
The Secondary aim is to determine;
Methods
Study Design
Subjects
Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
Identifying and approaching participants
Baseline Data Collection
Randomization
Intervention
Trial Data Collection
Sample Size and Analysis Plan
Sample Size
Analysis
Data Management
Ethical Considerations
Funding
Plans for Dissemination
Reflective Conclusion
References
Glossary
Appendix a. Interventions between studies
From the Paper "Since the early twentieth century, before the invention of antibiotics, consumption of berries from the vaccinium species (in particular Cranberries) was associated with a reduction of bacterial urinary tract and bladder infections. Seminal research carried out by Blatherwick (1914) initially identified benzoic acid within cranberries as the main therapeutic agent. Blatherwick (1914) hypothesised that Benzoic acid was digested then excreted as hippuric acid, having effect upon the urine by altering the ph, creating an environment which prevented the bacteria from multiplying.
"Scientific opinion changed during the late twentieth century after further studies were carried out. Sabota (1984) reproduced in-vitro samples from both humans and mice. He found that if bacteria were pre-incubated with Cranberry juice prior to being introduced to uroepithelial cells, the adherence capability of the bacteria was significantly reduced. Ofek, Goldhar, Zafriri, Lis, Adar and Sharon (1991) identified that the active ingredient proanthocyanidin, contained within the Cranberry, was the main constituent which interfered with the bacteria's ability to adhere to the uroepithelial cell walls. The new knowledge regarding Cranberries and their ability to prevent UTIs changed the future direction of scientific investigations and increased the popularity of Cranberry."
Abstract This paper looks at multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease of the central nervous system in which the myelin, which normally insulates nerve fibers and helps conduction of impulses, is damaged in random areas. It examines the different symptoms of MS which include feelings of weakness, clumsiness or exhaustion at the beginning followed by double vision, weakness of the arms and legs, muscle stiffness, dizziness, loss of bladder control, depression and memory loss. It evaluates the current myths and misconceptions about the disease such that it is fatal and everyone with MS ends up in a wheelchair. It describes the current courses of treatment and how the MS patient must learn to accept the changes in their life brought about by the disease, such as changes in work capabilities and changes in lifestyle.
From the Paper "As the disease progresses, symptoms may become more severe and may leave lasting disabilities between actual episodes, so the MS patient will have to make adjustments to their life as the disease develops. This may mean changing jobs or working hours, making adjustments in the workplace and home to cater to a wheelchair or other assistive devices, changes in lifestyle such as taking a nap frequently when the patient gets tired easily, limiting travel and having help in the home. The MS patient has to make many adjustments to cope with the changes in their capabilities brought about by MS, but they can still lead full, rewarding lives, and still work. If they are one of the lucky ones who have long periods of remission between episodes, they may be able to function normally for long periods of time, and just learn to make the necessary adjustments during episodes of MS flare-up."
Abstract This paper presents a colorful and detailed explanation of the function of the kidneys. The paper offers many diagrams to illustrate the material discussed. The paper also includes extensive research on acute and chronic renal failure. The paper examines acute renal failure by providing a case study on the subject.
Outline
Introduction
Mechanisms of Fluid Regulation
Acute Renal Failure Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Diet
Drug Treatment
Case Study
References
From the Paper "The adrenal medulla functions as part of the autonomic nervous system. Stimulation of preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers causes release of epinephrine and noreepinephrine. These regulate metabolic pathways to promote catabolism of stored fuels to meet caloric needs from endogenous sources. Epinephrine is the key player in the 'fight or flight' response. The adrenal cortex produces three steroid hormones. Glucocorticoids affect blood glucose levels using the negative feedback system. Mineralcorticoids exert their major efforts on electrolyte balance. Androgens effects are similar to male sex hormones."
Abstract This paper discusses the age that is appropriate for toilet training and some of the methods recommended to be used, noting that toilet training at a certain age is most often a function of social pressures. The paper contends that society therefore requires the child to learn voluntary control of bladder and bowel in order to void at an acceptable time and place.
From the Paper "There are also ongoing discussions about such related topics as what would be the appropriate age range for toilet training and what are some developmentally appropriate guidelines for successful toilet training. The literature on the subject shows a number of answers to these questions and suggests that the issues may not be settled as yet. Before toilet training, research shows that there are developmental stags through which the child passes in developing increased control over certain bodily functions. Toilet training requires a certain degree of development because the child is otherwise simply unable to learn and respond as the parent will wish. Watson (1959) writes that the child at four weeks tends to have three or four bowel movements in a 24 hour period and that the child may now cry when his diaper is wet ..."
Abstract This paper discusses the liver and hepatobiliary system in terms of clinically relevant anatomy. The relevant physiology in relation to these organs is also discussed as well as pathological disorders associated with each.
Outline
Anatomy
Physiology
Main Pathological Disorders
Summary
From the Paper "The liver is a vital organ for altering the activity of foreign substances such as drugs and toxins. This is accomplished mainly through an enzyme system called the cytochrome P450 complex in the liver cells. Drugs and toxins within the bloodstream are filtered through the liver cells and metabolized. The liver cells detoxify the blood by adding groups to the substances that makes them inactive or more water- or fat-soluble, where they can be safely excreted through the urinary system or digestive system. Alternatively, these substances can be broken down by certain enzymes, rendering them inactive. Some drugs, however, utilize the catabolic nature of the liver in order to convert less active or initially inert drugs into their active metabolites. "
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that gallstones are the commonest biliary pathology, more prevalent in Western countries. The writer points out that although a gallstone is asymptomatic in the majority, it can cause significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. A variety of imaging modalities are performed to accurately diagnose the condition. The writer notes that there are a variety of both surgical and medical methods of treatment. In this study the writer explores the typical conditions of this disorder. Further, the writer looks at the various investigations and treatment modalities, as well reviews the complications and prognosis of the condition.
Outline:
Introduction
Prevalence
Ethnic And Genetic predisposition
Age
Obesity
Other Factors
Pathogenesis
Relationship of sludge to gallstones
Clinical Features
Atypical clinical features
Investigations
Management of Gallstone Disease
Complications and Prognosis
Summary
Conclusion
From the Paper "Gallstones are more common in obese, fertile women. The high-risk populations include Pima Indians in Arizona, Scandinavians, American Indian groups in Alaska, Canada, Bolivia and Chile. The common risk factors for developing gallstones are increasing age, obesity, and cholesterol hypersecretion. Gallstones are classified into cholesterol stones, mixed stones, and pigment stones. Although gallstones are asymptomatic in upto 75% of patients, they may become symptomatic by either causing obstruction to the cystic duct or common bile duct. The most characteristic symptom is biliary colic. The other clinical features are acute cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and cholangitis. The atypical clinical features include emphysematous cholecystitis, and small bowel obstruction. The investigations performed for gallstones include a routine haemogram, liver function tests, blood culture, serum amylase, imaging studies, oral cholecystography, Computed Tomographic Cholangiography and Magnetic Resonance, ERCP, and cholescintigraphy."
