Abstract
Although slavery ended, the problems in institutional racism have not stopped specifically in law enforcement. More black men face the death penalty than whites. More blacks are arrested every day. This certainly points toward racism in the law enforcement. Often minority police officers believe that many from their race are being treated unfairly and most policemen are white.

Abstract
This paper discusses the dynamics of systemic or institutional racism that maintain white privilege. The paper presents a critical view of US/UK bedrock of theory, when discussing Canadian phenomenon. The paper presents fieldwork which reveals that most homeless persons in a Toronto facility were 'white' and when speaking with a white mentally ill vagrant man, it was realized that his 'privilege' did not mean any institution was responsible for him.

From the Paper
"`Whiteness', Institutional Racism, and `White Privilege'. Course materials indicating institutional racism pertain most often to British or American examples, and employing a jargon of `privilege' that is interesting to examine in relation to contemporary Canada. One is to assume that the situations of these quite strongly racist societies are pertinent to Canada, in which racism certainly exists, but in a condition not to be compared with what is encountered in the others. Should we be examining institutional racism and white privilege in Australia, for instance, or other communal distinctions in India, or in Israel? An interesting approach is taken in John Hartigan's discussion of the American case, in reference to `rednecks', `hillbillies' and `white trash', as marked racial subjects. (2003: 95-111) "

Tags:whiteprivilege, uk/usatheory, race

From the Paper
"An issue close to being most important in American life is how to make the social and cultural diversity of American society work. Diversity must become a strength upon which the nation's future can depend, rather then a reason for reviving ancient animosities or inventing new ones.

From the new statistics recently revised and published by the U.S. Census Bureau, it is clear that racial diversity will continue to be a major issue in society. For example, Bureau projections by age, race, and sex, based on the 1990 census show faster population growth and an increase in racial diversity that goes beyond previous estimates. Whereas the Bureau previously predicted three racial groups for the twenty-first century, it is now projecting four racial groups (white, black, Asian, and American Indian), with Hispanics increasing their ... "

Abstract
This paper explains how institutional and organizational racism is a problem not only in the US, but in the UK as well. The denial of equal opportunity in education, jobs, and housing in the UK is considered, as well as addressed, with a comparison to the situation in the United States. Clear implications and solutions are set forth, explaining the need for eradication of institutional and organizational racism.

From the Paper
"Racism, by definition, is a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities, and that racial differences produce and inherent superiority of a particular race. When applied to society and specifically to institutions, racism is discriminatory attitudes and beliefs that permeate our society and its institutions. These attitudes and modes of thinking can have a serious impact on treatment of minorities, especially in areas of justice. As a result, these minorities suffer disadvantages ranging from criminal profiling to being rejected for jobs."

Tags:england, inequality, racial, workplace, america

Abstract
This paper explores the issue known as institutional racism and, specifically, whether or not racism exists within the police force in the U.S. The writer also looks at specific cases of racism within police units in England and elsewhere as a comparison. The paper includes suggestions and ways to decrease the occurrence of institutional racism, such as by ensuring minorities are present in significant numbers and educating and monitoring everyone involved.

From the Paper
"Milwaukee Police Chief Arthur Jones recently filed what is believed to be the first-ever racial discrimination complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) by a sitting police chief (Staff writers, 2002). His complaint centers around his belief, backed up by other Black officials in the city, that he is being held "to a higher standard than his predecessors" (Staff writers, 2002). A Black alderman in the city, Willie Hines, says that Jones has been subjected to the scrutiny because he challenged the way the city hired new policemen."

Tags:black, white, racist, prejudice, cop

Abstract
This paper examines racism, primarily against African Americans, in America today. The author attempts to understand why, despite significant advances, racism still impedes the social, academic, economic and political achievements of blacks in America. The paper also explores the role of racism in violence and crime.

From the Paper
"'We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal'. This was stated by white, middle or upper class men in 1776. But, they did not really mean it, good as the phrase still sounds today. Slaves were property, not humans. And even those African Americans who had won or earned their freedom were not considered 199% citizens, but given a certain fractional worth- 3/5 of a citizen. Women, regardless of race or ethnicity, were not allowed to vote until the 1920s. Is it any wonder that, through the years, black voices have been raised in anger, frustration, militancy as well as sorrow about the fact that only one thing: the color of their skin- exempted them from enjoying life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness to the fullest extent. While it is admirable that there are now college-level courses in African American history, the fact that they are necessary- that it takes a delving into the past to establish a sense of belonging and pride in overcome slavery and condescension and bigotry, is sometimes difficult to accept. Even as Thomas Jefferson wrote about his hope that slavery would be abolished and slaves emancipated, he put a caveat into his words- that this must be done "with the consent of the masters". The Constitution phrases this idea a little better: with the consent of the governed. But then, even in 1787, the governed that counted were white males. Yes, there is a rise of African American desires to be in the American mainstream. They were (and to some degree still are) frustrated and opposed by the more radical element which prefers a separateness."

Tags:race, black, african, american, academics, education, university, economics, welfare, crime, violence

Abstract
This paper provides a chronological review of racism in America and reveals that racial inequalities caused by an ideology of inherent black inferiority continues to persist. It explains that, since this ideology currently manifests itself in subtler, socially palatable ways, i.e., by ascribing the race problem as flowing from the freely chosen cultural behavior of the blacks themselves, the persistence of racism is that much harder to establish and redress.

From the Paper
"Government legislation and progressively improving racial attitudes of whites did much to improve the historical plight of the African-American community in recent decades. This is apparent in, for instance, the size and growing influence of the black middle class. Yet, the black-white gap in socioeconomic status remains enormous in terms of both unemployment, underemployment, and the fact that young, well-educated blacks who are matched in work experience with whites still earn 11% less annually. Such trends indicate that perhaps modern racial inequality relies on the market and Laissez-faire racial bias to re-create structured racial inequality. But perhaps, the more disturbing fact is that these racial inequalities exist in a social climate of widespread acceptance of notions of black cultural inferiority: "The tendency to deny the modern potency of discrimination and to see a lack of striving and effort on the part of blacks "has been confirmed in a number of investigations"." (Martin & Tuch, p. 15-20)"

Tags:black, race

From the Paper
" The dream of a colorblind society is one that has fascinated many Americans for some time. The recent battle over affirmative action has brought the issue to the fore once more. Proponents of affirmative action point out that America is not a colorblind society and is not likely to be and that reparations for past injustice and current disparities have to be made. Opponents of affirmative action sometimes state that a colorblind society is possible but that to achieve it we have to create colorblind laws and programs, as if a colorblind society can be created by fiat. The United States has never been a colorblind society, and it is not likely that it ever will be so long as there are racial divisions among human beings. Some futurists have proposed that centuries from now there may no longer be separate races, but short of such a shift, the United States will continue to have to.."

Abstract
This paper reviews Joe R. Feagin and Melvin P. Sikes' book "Living with Racism," in which the authors challenge the conventional view that racism is a thing of the past, gone with the days of slavery. To challenge this view, Feagin and Sikes collected personal accounts from over 200 middle-class black Americans to reveal the racism that pervades many aspects of American daily life today. The authors pull together accounts revealing subtle and overt racism, and examine how this racism is expressed in discriminatory behavior. "Living with Racism" is an important reminder about how much work remains to be done regarding racial relations in the United States.

From the Paper
"The authors pull together accounts revealing subtle and overt racism, and how this racism is expressed in discriminatory behavior. Despite the Civil Rights Movement and the resultant laws that mandate against discriminatory practices, Feagin and Sikes gather a multitude of accounts showing how African Americans continue to face discrimination at public places, such as hotels, restaurants and stores. The stories are carefully gathered to provide a narrative account that encompasses many aspects of American public life. Together, these stories show that racism and the resultant discriminatory behavior are alive and well."

Tags:Joe, R., Feagin, Melvin, P., Sikes, Living, with, Racism, African-Americans, discrimination

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a synopsis of the main views of W.E.B. Du Bois in his seminal manifesto, 'The Souls of Black Folk'. Du Bois' main themes on race relations in America, strategies for reclaiming black identity, and opposition toward the accommodation promoted by Booker T. Washington are addressed.

From the Paper
"W E B Du Bois' "The Souls of Black Folk "represents a manifesto of sorts in which the author paints a picture of what it is like to be black in racist America. DuBois famously declares in the book that the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line. In 'The Souls of Black Folk' Du Bois encourages blacks to forego accommodation to whites and insists it is ..."

Tags:African American, Du Bois, color line, veil, oppression, racism, segregation, education, civil rights