Abstract
The paper discusses how Brazilian society in the modern age has been marked by pronounced regional and ethnic diversity. The paper relates that descendants of Portuguese settlers, Amerindians, and African slaves comprise the main cultural groups and the heritage from the Portuguese has been disproportionate to the number of Portuguese settlers because they were colonizers and left their mark on the nation's political system and social institutions. However, the paper points out that the fact that the society is varied does not mean that the different elements mix together equally, as is noted in the book "Black Brazil" by Larry Crook, in which Antonio Pitanga states that blacks are invisible in Brazilian society.

From the Paper
"I. Introduction A. Diversity of Brazilian society B. Place of blacks in Brazilian society II. Racism A. In Brazilian society B. New president supporting affirmative action C. Marginalization of blacks D. Discrimination against blacks E. Racial mix F. Blacks in education..."

Tags:blacks, brazil, lula

Abstract
Black-white relations have never been fully integrated and many times considerably less than cordial. Despite the U.S. Supreme Court desegregation decision in 1954, and an increasing attempt to include blacks and other minorities in more substantive and positive ways - particularly on TV - there is still a negative connotation by whites when it comes to blacks. This includes the perception by many whites that blacks commit more crimes, are less intelligent than whites, etc. This paper explores the issue, from both the media portrayal and from the black and white perceptions.

Abstract
This paper discusses the military participation of African-Americans, especially slaves, who served in both the American and British forces during the American Revolution. Why did blacks, both free and enslaved, serve and how instrumental was their service in defeating the British? The paper shows that black forces fought on both sides during the American Revolution, and their contributions to both armies were extremely important. A large number of blacks earned their freedom as a result of the fighting, and many more gave their lives in the name of freedom. The paper shows that while blacks did not single-handedly win the American Revolution, their service was instrumental in many areas, including espionage and infiltration of the enemy.

From the Paper
"Dunmore had some compelling reasons to offer the blacks their freedom. His troops in Virginia only numbered about 300 because of "desertion and harassment," and he was desperate to find new forces to help defend the English loyalists in Williamsburg and other communities (Editors 2005). Dunmore was desperate for recruits, and would take them wherever he could get them. Of course, many Virginia slave owners found his actions to be controversial and frightening. They feared a slave revolt could come as a result of Dunmore's plea for men. His plan worked, he recruited hundreds of black soldiers, but the Congress of Virginia denounced his plan and threatened slaves with death if they escaped their masters."

Tags:Congress, of, Virginia, slavery, Dunmore, Rhode, Island, Regiment

Abstract
This paper explains that, although there were tremendous differences in the everyday lives of free blacks and slaves, both groups faced considerable discrimination and were disadvantaged compared to similarly-situated white people. Next, the author relates the many different opportunities that free blacks had as compared to the situation of slaves. However, the paper underscores that, despite facing tremendous legal and social limitations, both slaves and free blacks have made enormous contributions to American society not only by supplying the labor to grow the economy but also by providing the social and political leadership to build communities, such as New Orleans.

From the Paper
"Obviously, for slaves the biggest complaint would be that they were treated as property. While pro-slavery advocates contended that this treatment did not bother slaves, one need only look at things such Dred Scott suing his master in an attempt to obtain freedom to realize that slaves did, indeed, desire freedom. However, while no complaint may have been as philosophically large as the fact that they did not have freedom, many slaves had a wide range of smaller complaints that probably took on greater importance in their daily lives."

Tags:harassment, new orleans, communities property, civic rights

Abstract
The paper discusses Brazilian society and the racism that makes blacks
largely invisible. The paper looks at the marginalization and discrimination of blacks as well as the racial mix on the street and in those in positions of power. The paper discusses how the 1960 Salgueiro ccarnival became a source of racial tension as well as racial healing and then discusses how ritual and celebration can cause a culture clash. The paper then relates that the presidency of Lula is trying to change aspects of this relationship but clearly has a difficult road to follow in doing so.

Outline:
Introduction
Racism
Blacks and Carnival
President Lula
Conclusion and the Future

From the Paper
"Brazilian society in the modern age has been marked by pronounced regional and ethnic diversity. Ethnic diversity accompanies the pronounced regionalism. Descendants of Portuguese settlers, Amerindians, and African slaves comprise the main cultural groups. The heritage from the Portuguese has been disproportionate to the number of Portuguese settlers because they were colonizers and left their mark on the nation's political system and social institutions. This is reflected in language, kinship, and religion. However, the fact that the society is varied does not mean that the different elements mix together equally, as is noted in the book Black Brazil by Larry Crook, in which Antonio Pitanga states that blacks are invisible in Brazilian society."

Tags:Lula, carnival, ritual, celebration, culture, discrimination

Abstract
This paper explains that seeing no other reasonable way to raise their own status or that of their families within civilian society, black soldiers took a chance on the potency of the symbol and reality of military service as a way to make their way towards full citizenship and equality. This paper states that, despite the discrimination that blacks have faced in the military, they have at least sometimes been formally recognized for their service with nearly a dozen black men achieving the rank of general in the 19th century. The author describes that the willingness of blacks to fight alongside other Union troops not only helped the Union effort, but also helped push for more equal rights for black men in society.

From the Paper
"Blacks had fought in the Revolutionary War, although not in large numbers, although they did participate in the battles at Lexington, Concord, Ticonderoga and Bunker Hill. Their participation was limited by the fears of a possible insurrection by (armed) blacks and by the objections of politically powerful slaveholders who objected to recruitment policies that offered runaways a refuge and other slaves a possible pathway to freedom. Some whites considered blacks inherently inferior and so not capable of making good soldiers while others considered it morally inappropriate to ask slaves and former slaves to share in the burden of defending the country that had sanctioned their enslavement. These objections, taken together, prompted General Washington in 1775 to issue an order prohibiting any new enlistment of blacks, although blacks already in the army were allowed to remain."

Tags:attucks, slaves, general, civil, discrimination

Abstract
Often, little attention is paid to the suffering of various ethnic minorities during the Holocaust. This paper explores the Nazi-inflicted persecution of black people, and compares that treatment to the persecution of the Jewish people. The researcher hypothesizes that blacks in Germany were actually treated worse than Jews, in proportion to their respective populations. Included are personal accounts of Holocaust survivors and illustrations of Nazi propaganda directed against black and Jewish people.

Table of Contents:
I. Theory
II. Methods
III. Literature Review
IV. Persecution before World War II
V. Persecution of Jews during WWII
VI. Persecution of Blacks during WWII
VII. Conclusion
VIII. References
IX. Appendix
a. First-hand accounts
b. Propaganda posters

From the Paper
"This leads into Weber's theory of Social Stratification. The control and power that the Nazis possessed allowed them to exercise their power over minorities, as the Nazi party had become the highest class in Germany, in all aspects. The Nazi party suddenly became politically, economically, and socially superior than any other group in Germany. This complete power of their new Class standing enabled them to control all aspects of German life, and allowed them to determine what was to be done with those of a lower class; in this case, all non-Aryan minority groups."

Tags:Sociology, WWII, Racism, German, World, War, II

Abstract
The paper discusses how the inclusion of literature related to slavery and blacks is to a tremendous extent an indisputable aspect of the Romantic Age. The paper relates that the Romantic Age coincided with colonialism and the acquiring of African slaves. The paper reveals that this era founded and birthed racial taxonomies and the very term "Blacks" among other racial slurs. The paper shows how the height, depth and demise of slavery were witnessed during the Romantic period.

From the Paper
"The exact span of time attributed to the Romantic Era is still debatable. According to Joseph Strayer and Hans Gatzke, "The term Romanticism defies clear definition. It differed not only from country to country but from Romanticist to Romanticist" (The Mainstream of Civilization; 550). What is definite and sure is that Romanticism coincided with Colonialism. Colonialism has been defined as, "The practice of acquiring control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically" (The Oxford Dictionary). The chief tool utilized to achieve the ends of colonialism was African slaves. As stated by Damrosch et. Al. "From 1783 to 1793 more than 300,000 slaves were sold in the British colonies, at a value of over 15,000,000 pounds" (108)."

Tags:colonialism, abolitionism, slave, trade, plantations, racism, emancipation

Abstract
This paper explains that despite the fact that by about 1800, every state north of Delaware abolished slavery; the south grew far more partial to their slavery-run economy. The author points out that although the free black population rose from eight percent to thirteen percent of the African-American population, most of the free blacks lived in the northern states where they had much success setting up black schools, churches and communities but still experienced many limitations such as not being permitted a U.S. Passport, work for the government, claims on public lands or sitting next to white people in church. The paper relates that, after the Civil War, newly freed African-Americans started to act on their freedom, which meant the ability to move around hence the reuniting of families, the chance to open schools and churches and the opportunity to interact in politics.

From the Paper
"The first Africans to land on American soil arrived in Virginia in 1619. In Europe, the Portuguese and the Dutch had already been dealing in the African slave trade, traveling back and forth across the Atlantic for over half a century. Shortly afterward the French and the British took over this trade industry. America was growing and was in need of cheap labor for economic, geographic, social and agricultural reasons, especially in the southern states. In the south, the climate and soil was very conducive to farming and the plantation owners needed a great number of men to work the land consequently making it the majority importer of slaves."

Tags:abolitionist, civil, law, north, south

Abstract
This paper will discuss W.T. Sherman's view on blacks and the politics that accompanied his decision making process. Quotes from his memoirs will be used as an example to explain his viewpoint and belief system. His personality will be revealed by the memoirs that he wrote and will be analyzed.