Abstract
This paper explains that Cohen challenges the notion of a cohesive African-American vote by noting that African-Americans failed to become a strong political force because their political, business, and church leaders focus on imbibing the values of mainstream, middle-class America. The author points out that Cohen argues that, despite the growing threat of AIDS, African-American leadership failed to galvanize the population around this issue, which affects African-Americans as a group, despite categorical differences. The paper states that the Cohen believes that the attitudes of black leaders resulted in a secondary marginalization of gays and lesbians, who, due to their race and sexual orientation, remained among the most disenfranchised citizens.

From the Paper
"Cohen begins by dispelling the notion of a politically-cohesive African American community, one wherein race supposedly overrides differences spawned by class, gender or even ethnicity. Instead, she maintains that this cohesion is "being challenged and sometimes replaced by cross-cutting issues and crises rooted in or built on the often hidden differences, cleavages, or fault lines of marginal communities" (9). There is thus no strong "black vote," because the African American community is highly fragmented and factionalized."

Tags:failure, middle-class, aids, marginalization, disenfranchised

Abstract
This paper shows that, despite often being used as a negative color, Shakespeare uses black in "Titus Andronicus" in a positive way. Aaron the Moor, though the villain, is actually the only good parent in the play and the only character who remains true to himself.

From the Paper
"Scene Two of Act Four also shows Aaron as a parent. The birth of his son provides him a bond with another person sharing his skin color, and he feels the need to protect his son, who is now his only ally. Demetrius says that he will kill the boy: "I'll broach the tadpole on my rapier's point. / Nurse, give it to me, my sword shall soon dispatch it" (4.2.85-86). Aaron stands up for his son without missing a beat and threatens Demetrius: "Sooner this sword shall plough thy bowels up" (4.2.87). Aaron's strong love and his willingness to fight for the child's safety contrasts greatly to the other parents in Titus."

Tags:african, race, tragedy, whiteness

Abstract
It examines the complex of images that are associated with 'whiteness' and 'blackness'. It concludes that 'whiteness' is associated with positive values-honesty, divinity, and purity-while 'blackness' is implicitly linked to evil and malevolence.

Abstract
This paper discusses the emergence of Malcolm X. The author delves into Malcolm Little's roots to the life-changing events in his life. Islam's importance in the shaping of this American icon is highlighted by the author.

From the Paper
"The man who started out as Malcolm Little enlarged himself into the greatness of Malcolm X. A remarkable man who experienced the power of redemption, he was saved from drowning in the ocean of blackness, grew beyond his hatred of the white "devil" into the self he was meant to be, into the black leader and hero who could plead to a multi-racial audience: "Let us learn to live together in justice and love." (X and Haley xviii intro) To the extent that his words were heard and heeded and his martyrdom honored Malcolm X was the lifeline that helped to rescue many from the depths of that ocean of blackness."

Tags:black, muslim

Abstract
In addition to looking at the reasons for the disintegration of the Black Panthers, this paper also traces the origins of the Party, examines how and why it started, describes its program and activities, the FBI's campaign against the Black Panthers, the trial of Black Panther members in court, the role of women in BPP, and the impact of the Party on the country.

Table of Contents
The Black Panther Party
Origin
Why was the Party Started?
The Ten-Point Program
Activities of the Black Panthers
War Against the Panthers
Black Panthers in Court
Black Panther Women
Alliances and Coalitions
Mistakes Made by the Black Panthers
Impact of the Party on the Country

From the Paper
"The black community of Oakland, California was greatly perturbed due to the failure of Southern white policemen to provide adequate protection for its black residents and the increasing incidents of police brutality targeted at the blacks. The organizers of the Panthers, therefore, aimed to gain justice for black people and dedicated themselves to defend the black community from racist police oppression and brutality. Besides being considered as the perpetrators of injustice and violence against the black community, the police was perceived by the Panthers as the representatives of the status quo and the "establishment" who implemented its anti-Black agenda. Since the Panthers believed that they were fighting the "status quo" the BPP considered itself to be a "revolutionary" party, which was committed to wage a class struggle to overthrow the existing order. (Harris 169)"

Tags:militant, black, revolutionary, party, huey, newton, bobby, seale, malcolm, x, nationalism

Abstract
This paper examines how James Cone believes that if blacks, particularly African-Americans, don't wake up and change the traditional American image of Jesus, they will probably never grasp the true philosophy and mission of Jesus. It discusses how African-Americans must see Jesus as a black man that endured the struggle and how it is the duty of black preachers, pastors and theologians to advocate black theology, which includes the black image of Jesus, for the sake and survival of the African-American experience.

From the Paper
"When one begins to think about God, questions arise as one lacks significant knowledge of God. When one begins to engage in such a dialogue, or entertains such questions, one has clearly entered the community of theology. The articles states: "The attempt to think about God leads immediately to a host of related question which are included under the term theology. First, there is the question of mans relationship to God, the ultimate source of things? Then we must ask about revelation to God, that is, how does man know what God is like? If God must reveal himself where and how is he revealed?" These are prospective questions that man can't escape when thinking about God or in dialogue about God. "

Tags:black, god, jesus, african-american

Abstract
This paper examines the collection of essays known as "Black Witness to the Apostolic Faith" edited by David Shannon and Gayraud S. Wilmore about black and apostolic churches. It looks at how the purpose of the book is to find common ground among black Apostolic Christians and to expand their influence in the Christian and non-Christian world. It discusses how the editors believe that black Christian writers and theologians have not had the attention they deserve in the world of Christianity partly as a result of the racism of the past, which has left much power in white hands and less power in black hands. It evaluates how it seeks to take away the distortions of the Christian message which blacks were given by whites in the days of slavery.

From the Paper
"In other words, in the bigger picture it should be all Christians, black and white and others, who come together in their common faith. The "confession' the authors write about is not only confession of sins but confession of faith, and that common confession can bring people together only if all sins are confessed and only if the confessor sees God as bigger than his own fears and prejudices. Wilmore is not saying that blacks should hate whites, but that whites must look at the past and accept what they did, just as blacks have had to look at the past and face what was done to them. To these Christian writers, it is God and Jesus Christ Who have allowed them to survive that past and to come out of their experiences with love and forgiveness in their hearts."

Tags:slavery, church, blacks, whites, racism

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the social group of Black women and argues that in spite of the achievements of the women's rights movement of the 1960s,many opportunities and pathways to self-actualization are not available to black women. The writer discusses that in a society in which Black women were slaves to whites and subservient to Black males, the struggles for equality that have existed in the world have not changed the social perception of Black females.

From the Paper
"In viewing the societal landscape it is evident that there are very few Black women that lead corporations, political entities or educational institutions. This is primarily because Black women as a social group have been overlooked and outcast by those outside of their culture, as well as those within it. It is often believed that the women's rights movement in the 1960s changed the existence of all women for the better, opening doors that created opportunity and a road toward self-actualization. Yet, for most Black women this was not the case."

Tags:black, women, development

Abstract
Compares Alain Locke's and Carolyn F. Gerald's proposals for a pseudo-militant black arts movement. Looks at how both authors view the self-image of the average black person as one that has been forced upon them by the white majority. The paper goes on to discuss how both authors see the need to change and recreate the black self-image, and their differing views on how to approach the task of creating this new image.

From the Paper
"The main difference between Locke and Gerald is the way in which they approach the new image-making task at hand. For Locke, it is entirely a creative process. He seeks to find whatever meaning in white culture that ought to be (for black culture has, after all, left parts of its meanings floating about in white space, such as musical influences). He additionally seeks to create new meanings that can interact healthily with white culture, to create a new American culture. Gerald is far more nihilistic. Her focus is more on destruction and the (justifiable) wrath of her people. Attempted culture creation in the presence of the white discourse has only led to failure and frustration. The white discourse must be destroyed."

Tags:black, artists/writers, global, race-identification, black, people, black, literature

Abstract
This is an informative paper on what exactly a black hole is and what scientists have theorized about black holes. The paper examines the formation of black holes, past research on black holes and pondering questions still unanswered today.

From the Paper
"Ever since you were old enough to know what the sky, moon and stars were, you have always imagined what is actually up there? One of the most fascinating ideas of all is the mysterious and scary thought of a BLACK HOLE! This is perfectly normal because even today scientists are still pondering over that same question - what is a black hole and does it exist? Theories that at one time seemed reasonable are now laughed at, our skies hold an infinite space which we will never be able to explore, as a result, our questions will be infinite as well."

Tags:astronomy, black, holes, science, stars, universe, infinity