Abstract Hollywood blacklisting was a consequence of rampant Cold War paranoia in America. The Cold War profoundly affected every sphere of American society and politics, especially during the McCarthy Era of the nineteen-fifties when fears of communist influence and espionage within the United States were widespread, and suspicions about the loyalty of one's fellow citizens were heightened by political demagoguery and partisan witch hunts. The most well-known of these suspected communists or fellow travelers were members of the Hollywood elite, who were subjected to intense investigations and pilloried in the press without much regard for their freedom of speech rights. This paper examines the McCarthy Era and the impact it had on America, focusing specifically on the witch hunts conducted in the film industry.
Analysis of Jon Lewis' account of blacklisting in Hollywood in "We Do Not Ask You To Condone This" and his theme that blacklisting actually saved Hollywood.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, 2002, $ 53.95
Abstract The author's central thesis is that the blacklist "saved" the Hollywood film industry in that it allowed corporate restructuring of an inefficient, largely entrepreneurial enterprise at a time when the film industry faced a variety of challenges in the marketplace and from government regulators.
A look at the 1940s fiasco of the Hollywood Ten, in which ten prominent figures in the film business were blacklisted for supposed anti-American views.
Abstract This paper examines how the late 1940s proved to be an interesting time in American history. It looks at how a new threat arose against the U.S. government as American communists began spying for the Soviet Union. In particular, it explores how J. Edgar Hoover and the Federal Bureau of Investigation began to look into the mass media to find supposed Communist views, focusing on the film industry, and how, in 1947, the House Un-American Activities Committee under the leadership of a certain J. Parnell Thomas, held a hearing in which ten of Hollywood's premier film makers, actors, and producers were found to hold anti-American Communist views in their works. These Hollywood members became known as "The Hollywood Ten".
From the Paper "In order to single out supposed Communist members in Hollywood, the FBI devised certain set of criteria to determine if films contained anti-American views. Films were labeled subversive if ?Values or institutions judged to be particularly American are smeared or represented as evil in the movie, either explicitly or through casual references to current political events,? or if ?Values or institutions judged to be particularly anti-American or pro-Communist are glorified in the movie, either explicitly or through casual references to current political events (Noakes 5).? According to John Noakes, an assistant professor of sociology at Franklin and Marshall College, ?In four reports submitted between August 7 and November 17, 1947, the Los Angeles field office sent FBI headquarters reviews of seventeen movies released between 1943-1948 that it determined were subversive based on the MPAPAI criteria. "
Abstract This paper explains that Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs), which show health organizations and employers how to make prescription drugs more cost effective, often encourage these organizations to persuade patients to get long-term prescriptions through the mail instead of going to a pharmacy. The author points out that drugstores believe mail order prescriptions are not cost effective, while the PBMs argue that consumers can save up to 27% if they order their prescriptions through the mail. Independent research is not conclusive as to which position is correct. The paper stresses that Walgreen's should not have the right or ability to blacklist customers because of decisions that are made by their health care providers.
From the Paper "The article contends that the power that PBM's have stems from the relationships that they have built over the years with various health organizations and employers. These relationships started in the 1970's as the PBM's would perform claims adjudication for insurers and pharmacies. Overtime the PBM's started to perform other tasks such as; negotiating drug prices, devising health plans for employers and insurers and operating mail-order stores. They were also responsible for setting up a pharmacy networks."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that one of the most interesting events to take place in American history was the Red Scare, also known as the McCarthy Era. The writer points out that this took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s. During this time many people were unfairly named communists and victimized. The writer maintains that in many ways, the Red Scare resembled the infamous Salem Witch Hunt and trials of the 1690s. The writer notes that people were wrongfully accused of being Communists and they lost their jobs over someone's wrong accusations, much like those accused of being witches in the late 1600s and early 1700s. The writer concludes that people working in film, television, radio and theater were fired from their jobs and could not get new ones as a result of the blacklist. Because the blacklisting was secret, no one knows how many people were actually affected, but it affected many.
From the Paper "As the United States' resentment toward the Soviet Union deepened, members of the Communist party started to be viewed progressively more as potential enemy agents and that view was what provided the justification for what happened during the McCarthy period. President Truman passed the Truman Doctrine which offered military aid to any country that was against communism. The U. S. felt threatened by Communism and believed it was spreading, and was likely to take over the world if not stopped quickly. McCarthy and Truman believed that communists in the United States were part of a secret conspiracy against their country and followed all orders sent to them by Stalin. This belief had very little basis on reality although the communists were a highly disciplined organization that did have a connection to the Soviet Union."
Abstract This paper looks at Spartacus Galleries, a corporation which stands at the cusp of being ?blacklisted? as a place of unsavory business practices and balderdash. This paper looks at theory, expected results, the organization's structure, hierarchy, resources, areas of activity and characteristics. It also looks at the product sold, its sellers, goals, objectives and how to achieve these goals. It then examines financial benefits, personnel benefits, broad based benefits, problems, and the reasons for the initiation of these changes. Different options both local and global are detailed, as is a plan of implementation and the different phases involved in achieving this goal. Personnel training, and how to overcome possible objections to the new plan for existing personnel are also discussed. The final area examined is client feedback to the new changes, and an overall assessment and evaluation of the content of the new changes that were introduced.
From the Paper " The consultants are given a set of selling guidelines to follow when they are hired. These guidelines are not being followed as the art consultants are in the practice of "closing the sale at all costs". The consultants promise unattainable options such as rush delivery for a birthday or a specific number so they will post higher numbers and generate more personal income. [Salas, A] When these conditions aren?t met by the other departments involved (i.e. shipping and receiving, allocation) the customer becomes irate. He often accuses the company of making false promises and not making good on their claims. Gifts, credits and charge backs are among the ways the customers are assuaged by the Customer Service department. These items come straight out of the gallery profit margin, Decreasing sales and harboring future growth."
Abstract This paper considers how Hollywood and the entire movie industry were affected by the "Red Scare" i.e. communist paranoia from 1947-1954. It looks at how screenwriters, directors and actors were blacklisted for no reason and how some of these people did not work in Hollywood for over a decade as a result. It examines how fear swept through tinsel town and how many jobs, as well as friendships were lost. It also looks at how the film industry grew as many Hollywood studio executives defended themselves by producing a slew of anti-Communist movies.
From the Paper "The House of Un-American Activities Committee, HUAC, had existed in the 1920's and 1930's during the first Red Scare in American history, but had faded away during World War II. It had not been held in very high regard and really had not had much affect (Red pg). However, in 1947, under the leadership of Representative Parnell Thomas, R-NJ, the HUAC was brought back to life with three definite goals. First, the HUAC was determined to prove that the Screen Writers? Guild had been heavily infiltrated by Communists. Second, it intended to prove that the writers could and would insert subversive Communist propaganda into movies. And third, it aimed to show that during World War II, Hollywood had purposely produced pro-Soviet films (Red pg)."
Tags: cold, war, america, mccarthyism, tinsel, town
From the Paper "Time Without Pity (1957) is an example of Joseph Losey's work as a director from the transition period between his American films and his later, more European work. At the time, Losey was rebuilding his career as a director after fleeing from his homeland after being blacklisted for his Communist leanings of an earlier era. Losey showed a number of interests throughout his career, many of which are reflected in this British crime drama--a strong social consciousness, a sense of the plight of the individual when faced with the institutions of society, a search for justice in world that often denies it, and a strong sense of the ambiguities of reality.
Losey does not see the world in black and white terms but in terms of complexities, and his characters show ambiguities in their personalities that indicate the degree to which we are all..."
Abstract This paper examines why it is important to give gender studies an international history. The paper considers that both men and women have been on the planet for the same amount of time and claims that each must have contributed to the success of the human race in order for the whole to have survived. The paper contends that by presenting the accounts of gender history from an international perspective, the overall accomplishments of women can be seen as an even more spectacular series of events than by isolating those undertakings to a region or isolated part of history which minimizes in the scope of the big picture.
Outline
Introduction
Thesis
Blacklisted Witches
Rulers
Twisted Tales
Oppression and Violence
International History Gender
Conclusion
From the Paper "Access to scholars and information who maintained humankind's history has been maintained by gender, location, birth or luck and men seem to have had more luck than women. History is prejudice in the sense that it certainly helps to have been born a male first son in a secure family that knew how to read, write or cipher. Women have been literate of course because of tutors, a benevolent father, husband or brother willing to share the male knowledge base. And the religious factions did well to educate many nuns or women living in convents of Europe and mainly in England, France or Germany. "They further argue that in this pursuit, when cultural and gender rights come into conflict, much sensitivity and careful balancing is necessary." (Moller-Okin, Susan, 1999) The fact remains, a very helpful skill was scholarly pursuit but because those skills rarely put food on the table, they were not pursued by all and the majority of those who did pursue those skill sets were men. The majority of mankind prior to the twentieth century had little to no educational opportunities available to them. "
Abstract The paper explains that Arthur Miller wrote "The Crucible" to establish a parallel between the unjust Salem witch trials and the Second Red Scare when Communists were believed to have quietly infiltrated American life and security. The paper discusses how Miller, like his character John Proctor, kept his silence and refused to testify to the Committee in protecting his business and personal friends and was thus blacklisted by the American government. The paper also examines "The Death of a Salesman" where Miller centers on the attainment of the American dream in the main characters, Willy Loman and his son, Biff. The paper discusses how Willy, unlike John Proctor, does not attain the status of a tragic hero because he does not come to a full self-realization.
From the Paper "John Proctor, as Arthur Miller's tragic hero in "The Crucible," is essentially an honest and upright and honest man with just one weakness, a secret affair with Abigail Williams, which he at first hides in order to protect his public reputation as an honorable man and husband to Elizabeth (Miller 1953, Wikipedia 2006). The witchcraft hysteria occurs at this time when the spurned Abigail expresses her jealousy and vengeance by implicating Elizabeth as a witch to the court. John presents Mary Warren to the judge as a witness in an attempt at saving his wife but without exposing his adultery, but the attempt fails and John finds himself trapped in the turmoil when Mary accuses him of being a wizard himself."
Abstract The paper discusses "The Crucible", written by Arthur Miller in the 50's in response to the turmoil in the US at the time of Senator Joseph McCarthy, when Americans were accusing each other of pro-Communist beliefs. The paper highlights the many intentional similarities between "The Crucible" and the McCarthy era and explains that Miller himself was a victim of this era. The paper discusses the period of the Cold War, the blacklisting of actors and how Miller himself was "turned in", which prompted him to write "The Crucible". The paper highlights that McCarthy's campaign was false and corrupt.
From the Paper "The reason why many people migrate to the US is so they can express themselves without being punished. Our country was founded on the belief that anyone has the freedom to say or feel whatever they want, and arresting them for expressing themselves is breaking the constitution. Arthur Miller never planned on writing "The Crucible"; he took action when free speech evolved into keeping your mouth shut to stay out of trouble. One of Miller's industry friends, a director named Elia Kazan, had been a member of the American Communist party for a few months before the Red Scare occurred".
Tags: exaggeration, common, enemy, cold, war, witchcraft, red, scare
