Abstract
This paper discusses the myriad factors that may be contributing to the achievement gap between black and white children in America. The paper also looks at some positive signs regarding the educational future of black children and some possible solutions for closing the gap.

From the Paper
"As recently as 1998, the press was reporting that African Americans score lower than European Americans on vocabulary, reading, and math skills tests in general, as well as on standardized tests claiming to measure scholastic aptitude and intelligence. Although the gap had narrowed somewhat after 1970, the American black child still scored lower than whites, as much as 15 percent lower. Despite abundant speculation and a wealth of research, no one had yet come up with a "magic bullet" to put a stop to the disparity; in fact, research had shown that the problem was extremely difficult to overcome, despite integration (a fact for more than 40 years) and improvement in other socioeconomic factors. "It is true that the gap shrinks only a little when black and white children attend the same schools. It is also true that the gap shrinks only a little when black and white families have the same amount of schooling, the same income, and the same wealth". (Jencks and Phillips, 1998) The disparity is substantial, as revealed by grades. Researchers in Shaker Heights, Ohio, found that "black-white GPA gap equals roughly one letter grade. The mean GPA is in the neighborhood of C+ for blacks and B+ for whites". (Ferguson, 2001)"

Tags:enrollment, historical, mistreatment, marginality, attitudes, skills, middle-class, success

Abstract
This paper defines and describes some select elements of education that could possibly contribute the "black- white academic gap" of scholastic performance between African- American and white male students. The author uses critical and the interpretive models to accomplish these goals.

Abstract
This paper argues that digital cameras are better than analogue cameras. Specifically, it discusses the history of digital photography, its utility in matters such as record-keeping and crime-fighting, and some noteworthy instances of digital photography producing impressive and compelling works. Finally, the author states the various reasons why it may be said that digital black and white photography is better than analog black and white photography.

From the Paper
"The following paper will argue that digital cameras are, indeed, better than analogue cameras. Specifically, the next several pages will look briefly at the history of digital photography, at its utility in matters such as record-keeping and crime-fighting, at some noteworthy instances of digital photography producing impressive and compelling works, and, finally, I will look at all of the various reasons why it may be said that digital black and white photography is better than analog black and white photography - most because, as it turns out, digital photography (while certainly not perfect) simply provides more options for the creative..."

Tags:digital, black, white

Abstract
This paper argues that digital cameras are better than analogue cameras. Specifically, the paper looks briefly at the history of digital photography, at its utility in matters such as record-keeping and crime-fighting and at some noteworthy instances of digital photography producing impressive and compelling works. Finally, the paper looks at all of the various reasons why it may be said that digital black and white photography is better than analog black and white photography.

From the Paper
"More than that, the technology that makes digital black and white photographs possible always runs the risk of becoming obsolete. For instance, the old Epson 2200, 7600, 9600 printers have been pushed aside by Epson Stylus Pro 4800, by the Epson Stylus Pro 7800, and by the Epson Stylus Pro 9800 (FLAAR Network, para.8); simply put, unlike the fairly low-maintenance prints rendered by analog cameras, the "splashy" digital B&W prints of today place photography enthusiasts in the uncomfortable position of seeking out new technological tools that have a (quite literally) a built-in obsolescence factor. Be that as it may, though, most photographers will gladly accept this trade-off if it means the chance to be more creative."

Tags:prints, photographs, negatives

Abstract
The paper examines the differences in the savings patterns, wealth accumulation and home ownership between black and white individuals and explores through a literature review the social policies or solutions that have been historically focused on the inequality of wealth between blacks and whites. The paper finds that policy reform has been successful in some areas, however, there are still many barriers to home ownership and equal wages in the workplace for minority workers.

Outline:
Introduction
Purpose of Study
Significance of Study
Methodology
Literature Review
Findings of Study
Conclusion
Recommendations

From the Paper
"The work of Freeman and Hamilton entitled: "The Changing Determinants of Inter-racial Home Ownership Disparities: New York City in the 1990s" relates that a significant change in policy concerning home ownership took place in the 1990s toward reduction of the disparities relating to home ownership between white individual and those of minority races. Specifically stated in the work of Freeman and Hamilton is that home ownership "has long been symbolic of the American dream, but for many non-whites, home ownership has been a dream deferred." (2004) Evidence of this, according to Freeman and Hamilton, may be seen in the existing gaps in home ownership differences between whites and non-whites. "

Tags:Affirmative, Action, savings, home, ownership, wages

Abstract
This paper examines Rebecca Walker's book, "Black, White, and Jewish: Autobiography of a Shifting Self", and its message of a fragmented sense of self. The paper looks at how Walker blames her inability to form a stable and permanent sense of self on her parents' liberal parenting style and multi-racial heritage and then discusses Walker's self-analysis regarding her feelings of alienation. The paper concludes with comments on both the strengths and the weaknesses of the book.

From the Paper
"Rebecca Walker's memoir Black, White, and Jewish, is subtitled "Autobiography of a Shifting Self." Walker argues that because of the multi-racial and multi-ethnic identity, conferred by her parents and societal perceptions of race, she can never have a stable sense of identity or self. To demonstrate this, Walker uses not only the emotional devices of memoir, but also logical, sociological arguments in regards to her racial identity and ethical arguments about her parent's liberal parenting styles to establish her credibility as an author. Walker argues that her multiracial heritage, constant shifting of homes, and the liberal parenting style she received caused her current shifting and fragmented sense of self."

Tags:ancestry, mixed, religious, background, interracial, marriage, race, placelessness, racism, oppression, judgement

Abstract
"Interracial marriage between Black and White Americans does not make up a very large percentage of the total number of marriages in the United States. But the impact of the these marriages on society--as well as on the participants and, especially, their children--is much greater than numbers might suggest.

From the Paper
"Interracial marriage between Black and White Americans does not make up a very large percentage of the total number of marriages in the United States. But the impact of the these marriages on society--as well as on the participants and, especially, their children--is much greater than numbers might suggest. The level of racism in America--which is largely responsible for the small number of Black-White marriages in the first place--has declined considerably in recent decades. But racism persists at outrageous levels and the children of interracial marriages will suffer from it no less than the children of African-American families. A discussion of the effects of interracial marriage on children will follow a brief description of the state of interracial marriage in America; including a summary of forces that worked against it in the past,..."

Abstract
The following paper examines the statements made in Betty Friedan's "The Problem That Has No Name" from "The Feminine Mystique" and in "A Black Feminist Statement" from 'All the Women are White, All the Blacks are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave' which reveal both differences and similarities in the problems faced by each group as well as how race, gender and generational perspectives influence each group?s response. The writer concludes that both groups had different experiences in their fights for equality based on their race, social status, economic class, sexual orientation and the time period in which they fought.

From the Paper
"Writing in 1963, Betty Friedan revealed the problems faced by white, middle-class housewives who were not content and fulfilled in their roles as wives and mothers. The account by The Combahee River Collective focuses on the experiences of black, socialist, lesbian women 1977. The desires, frustrations and proposed solutions of each group reflect their social status as well as their race and economic class."

Tags:african, american, black, collective, combahee, feminism, feminist, lesbian, river

Abstract
This paper reviews and analyzes "White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812" by Winthrop D. Jordan. According to the paper, the book's title shows that the attitudes of each population were not as set or as clearly understandable as people may believe. In this book, Winthrop discusses the history of relations between whites and blacks leading to the slave era. Winthrop shows how attitudes changed over that time and how the fact of slavery in particular altered relations between black and white over time.

From the Paper
"The basic subject of the book White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812 by Winthrop D. Jordan is evident from the title, and the attitudes of each population were not as set or as clearly understandable as people may believe. The author is a professor of history at the University of Mississippi and has written a number of books on racism and the slave era. In this book, he discusses the history of relations between whites and blacks leading to the slave era. Winthrop shows how attitudes changed over that time and how the fact of slavery in particular altered relations between black and white over time. Europeans were seeking empire when they first arrived in West Africa..."

Tags:white, over, black

Abstract
This paper explores author Bell Hooks' theoretical perspective on blacks and feminism. Hooks claims that the major cause of oppression to black women came from many sources including white women interested in their own personal gain at the expense of black women and the black men interested in keeping them as second class citizens. This paper discusses the exploitation of women during the slave trade as one of the pioneering ways in the continuing devaluation of black women. The writer contends that Hooks' novel contains relevant research and subsequent evidence that clearly details why a gap still exists between black and white women. The writer of this paper stresses Hooks' desire for all women to bond together and for the struggle for equality to end.

From the Paper
"In her research of the exploitation of slaves, Hooks' expertly does not focus on the sexual atrocities committed upon black women. She in fact details the effect brutalizing black women has on the black man, white man, and the white woman. Hooks explores the possibilities of the potential personal gain from dehumanizing black women, some of which include stereotypes/jealousy of the sexuality of a black woman, and "demasculating" the black man (psychological removal of his masculinity) in relation to exploiting 'his' woman. Bell Hooks' research into the hypocrisy of the feminist movement as it relates to white woman is the principal reason why many African American women, myself included, do not want any active participation with the women's movement."

Tags:racism, slavery, women, gender, equality, literature, review, rights