Abstract
The paper discusses how with the end of the Civil War came the promise of freedom and equality for Blacks throughout the United States, however, history has demonstrated that this promise took decades to be realized and that it called for strong leaders that would force change before Blacks were capable of being viewed as equals within the social order. The paper focuses on the most significant period of time in which the quest for Civil Rights became apparent in the United States; the 1950s and 60s with the existence of Martin Luther King,r., and organizations such as the Black Panther Party (BPP).The paper shows how much of the turmoil that was present at the time existed because of government intervention in the situation.

From the Paper
"With the end of the Civil War came the promise of freedom and equality for Blacks throughout the United States. History has, however, demonstrated that this promise took decades to be realized and that it called for strong leaders that would force change before Blacks were capable of being viewed as equals within the social order. The most significant period of time in which the quest for Civil Rights became apparent in the United States was during the 1950s and 60s with the existence of Martin Luther King, Jr., and organizations such as the Black Panther Party (BPP)."

Tags:government, black, panther

Abstract
This paper describes the radical nature of the Black Panther Party. It suggests that a chief goal was to protect African Americans from police actions that many blacks considered brutality.

Tags:black, panther, party

Abstract
In addition to looking at the reasons for the disintegration of the Black Panthers, this paper also traces the origins of the Party, examines how and why it started, describes its program and activities, the FBI's campaign against the Black Panthers, the trial of Black Panther members in court, the role of women in BPP, and the impact of the Party on the country.

Table of Contents
The Black Panther Party
Origin
Why was the Party Started?
The Ten-Point Program
Activities of the Black Panthers
War Against the Panthers
Black Panthers in Court
Black Panther Women
Alliances and Coalitions
Mistakes Made by the Black Panthers
Impact of the Party on the Country

From the Paper
"The black community of Oakland, California was greatly perturbed due to the failure of Southern white policemen to provide adequate protection for its black residents and the increasing incidents of police brutality targeted at the blacks. The organizers of the Panthers, therefore, aimed to gain justice for black people and dedicated themselves to defend the black community from racist police oppression and brutality. Besides being considered as the perpetrators of injustice and violence against the black community, the police was perceived by the Panthers as the representatives of the status quo and the "establishment" who implemented its anti-Black agenda. Since the Panthers believed that they were fighting the "status quo" the BPP considered itself to be a "revolutionary" party, which was committed to wage a class struggle to overthrow the existing order. (Harris 169)"

Tags:militant, black, revolutionary, party, huey, newton, bobby, seale, malcolm, x, nationalism

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the degeneration of a noble cause into a terroristic organization is one of the most compelling and depressing events of the 1960s and 1970s in the United States. The writer discusses that in the beginning, the Black Panther Party started out as a group dedicated to achieving the same goals that most other black rights groups had. They wanted what every person deserves to have; a chance to live their life in comfort and freedom. The writer maintains that it was with these noble goals that the party was designed, and unfortunately it was the seeming impossibility of these goals that lead to the issues of violence and crime within the party that led to its decline. The writer concludes that the Black Panther Party started out with aspirations, but in the end, the infighting and violence of the group led to them being more remembered for their terroristic actions more than their dreams of equality and comfort for the black people.

From the Paper
"These goals may seem laughable to us today, for those that are comfortable and have food and shelter as well as the right to freedom, liberty, due process, and a basic feeling of safety and justice, but at the time, these things were by no means guaranteed to the African American people. Therefore, with this list of basic necessities of life and comfort in mind, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale created the Black Panther Party in 1966. This group, made out of a need to finally accomplish these necessary and noble goals through any means necessary, went on to be involved in a political war with the federal and state governments. In its heyday, the Black Panther Party would spark riots, civil protests; involve threats of chemical warfare, alleged assassinations and assassination plots, executions, and convictions for drugs, illegal weapons and murder. The degeneration of a noble cause into a terroristic organization is one of the most compelling and depressing events of the 1960's and 1970's in the United States."

Tags:freedom, Malcolm, X, protests, violence, black

Abstract
This essay explores the organizational workings of the Black Panther Party. The author examines how the party can improve themselves in order to gain more members and compares and contrasts the Black Panther's cost of membership with Iannaccone's perspective of group commitment.
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From the Paper
"The article, "Why Strict Churches Are Strong," emphasizes the importance of rational self-interest. It declares that rational choice theory explains the success of religious groups. The article states the success of strict and relaxed groups depends on the level of commitment its members hold (Iannaccone 1994). The Black Panther Party is an appropriate example of a non-religious group that includes the problem of commitment."

Tags:black, free, groups, iannaccone, membership, panthers, riders

Abstract
The paper muddles on the evolution of the African American struggle coupled with civil right movements formulated- specifically the Black Panther Party- and focuses on the question of what the organization is, where it originated and spread, and why it was so popular.

From the Paper
Amid the turbulent struggle for equal rights for the black community in America numerous organizations and arenas emerged as potential facilitators of that laudable goal. The struggle was long and arduous, and various approaches arose as potential modalities to pursue the end most effectively. The Black Panther Party, which was established in 1966, was one such tactical approach. In its brief sojourn on the American scene, it attracted mega attention and an almost mythical status and reputation. Actions to cope with the potential repercussions of the Black Panther Party were numerous, and often violated associated constitutional norms within the American psyche for fairness and legal protection. Nevertheless to some powers that be on at that time, no more dangerous cadre of proponents of black rights existed then the Black Panther Party (Summers, 1993, 21). To those who opposed the methods, philosophy, and personas of the Black Panther Party, the need to crush the organization and nullify their influence within the societal complex of the United States was considered a crusade for the survival of this country itself. To truly analyze and come to terms with the importance and problematic issue of the Black Panther Party, it is necessary to review in some depth the overall complex involved in the struggle for black liberation in this country. The Black Panther Party occupies a decided niche in this puzzle, but it did not exist in a vacuum. It is a clear product and reaction to what preceded it.

Tags:black, civil, fbi, national, panther, rights, security, Johnson, emancipation, vote, franchise, community, program

Abstract
This paper examines the views of two ordinary people from the 1960s on the Black Panthers. It examines one who is white and one who is black and why they have the feelings they do in regards to the Black Panther Party. The individuals are from similar economic and geographic backgrounds, being that they both came from middle-class families and were from the San Francisco Bay area.

From the Paper
"The Black Panther Party undeniably reeked fear in the hearts of many whites, because they saw it, and the media portrayed it, as a type of "Black Rage," in which African-Americans across the country were coming together "...seeking redemption for years of slavery" (Humphery Interviewee). Even though it is hard to distinguish exactly what that statement means, it is important to note that many whites viewed Black Power from this sort of Black Rage viewpoint or angle, in which "African-Americans were not seeking equality, but redemption for years of slavery"".

Tags:African-American, Martin, Luther, King, Caucasian, civil, rights

Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the history of the Black Panther Party (BPP), which was founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to promote black civil rights, especially protection from police violence directed at blacks and provision of social services to the black community. The paper looks at the FBI counter civil rights programs COINTELPRO, which were established because J. Edgar Hoover believed that the BPP was a threat to the security of the country. The paper concludes that, from humble beginnings and war within, BPP forged a vital position in 20th century American history despite the perversions.

From the Paper
"Stokley Carmichael was born in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. He immigrated to the USA in 1952. Upon his arrival to America he was appalled at the gross presence of racism. He so attended Howard University and became active in the civil rights movement. He was elected leader of the Student Nonviolent Co-coordinating Committee. This new position of his can be seen as the seed of the BPP. Prior to Stokley Carmichael's involvement in the SNCC; its main focus was the peaceful integration of whites and blacks."

Tags:seale, fbi, newton, program, murder

Abstract
This paper analyzes Gresham Sykes and David Matza's five-part model of justifications of deviant behavior that is also known as techniques of neutralization. It looks at how the five techniques include denying responsibility, denying the injury, blaming the victim, condemning the authorities and appealing to higher principles or authorities. It discusses whether the Black Panther Party resorted to Sykes and Matza's techniques of neutralization to justify the criminality of their behavior and whether the social acceptability of their doctrine was aided by a social and cultural era in upheaval, particularly concerning the civil rights of blacks and America's involvement in Vietnam.

Outline
Introduction
Techniques of Neutralization
Denial of Responsibility
Denial of Injury
Denial of the Victim
Condemnation of the Condemners
Appeal to Higher Loyalties
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Sykes and Matza argue that the third technique of neutralization is the criminal's attempt to deny that the victim can in fact be victimized. In other words, the criminal argues that that the victim is the wrongdoer and their own action is an attempt to create justice, not defy it. It was the whole basis of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense that the entire system of government as run by white Americans was a criminal and violent oppression of the civil rights and human dignity of American blacks. They had the right to bear arms to defend themselves against such injustice. Consider, for example, the ideology of the Party's intellectual leader in its early stages, Eldridge Cleaver."

Tags:victim, terror, injury, criminality, society

Abstract
The paper discusses how following the assassination of Malcolm X, Huey Newton, Bobby Seal and several other black men in Oakland, California, decided to form a revolutionary movement to attain and hold on to equal rights for black Americans, including reparations for slavery.

From the Paper
"If the Civil Rights movement spearheaded by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was to promote peaceful integration, the Black Panthers, originally named "The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense" was its antithesis. The symbol of the panther was for its strength and the black, of course, for the color of its members. The Black Panther Party was founded by Huey P. Newton, following the dual events of the assassination of Malcolm X and the Watts (California) uprising. According to The Black Panther Party website (2008), "Newton gathered a few of his longtime friends, including Bobby Seale and David Hilliard, and developed a skeletal outline for this...""

Tags:racial equality, huey newton, violence