Abstract
The paper presents a critical review of "Streets of Glory - Church and Community in Black Neighborhoods" by Omar M. McRoberts, determining the McRoberts' success or failure in accomplishing his stated intent in writing. The paper sites both advantages and disadvantages in regards to this book in particular, and submits comments on the value of developing an understanding of faith-based social services in general.

From the Paper
"McRoberts considers three "ways in which churches were meaningfully different....churches differed in their application of ubiquitous religious ideas, in modes of interaction with the immediate environment and in their approaches to activism, or social change" (2003:59). Differing views of the street include seeing it as an: evil/dangerous place; a recruiting ground, a point of contact with people at risk. Many churches were a combination of these. How churches interpreted "in the world, but not of it" found expression in particularism and exilic consciousness. This often included linking holiness with Southernness and equating life in the North with exile. Church activisms are displayed along a continuum of: serve members more or less exclusively (priestly) -> mixture of members and non members (pastoral) -> mostly nonmembers (prophetic). McRoberts maintains that churches are impacted for change by leadership turnover, congregational growth more than by the "broader political and cultural climate."

Tags:visuals, architectural, photographs, social, services

Abstract
This paper examines the main theme in "Black Picket Fences" that middle-class African-Americans have far more trouble than their white counterparts because of the inequalities that still plague public schools, standardized testing that may indeed be culturally biased toward whites, income disparities, and a paucity of community services due to the negligence of citizens and public officials to address the race issue. The paper also discusses the point made by the book that many people act as if race no longer matters. It explains that affirmative action programs are being cut and as many more African-Americans assume positions of power and become wealthier in general, the needs of the poorer and struggling blacks become white-washed away.

From the Paper
"Sharlene looked at me with her big, watery brown eyes. "No," she said emphatically, with a definite doleful tone in her voice. "I have never felt like I fit in here." Sharlene, who is 31 years old and has two children, is a black woman that falls into what Mary Patillo-McCoy calls the "black middle class." However, unlike the men, women, and children that Patillo-McCoy interviews for her book Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril Among the Black Middle Class, Sharlene lives in a predominantly white neighborhood. Her neighbors are not all Anglo-Saxon or WASP; some of them are Hispanic-American and Asian as well. However, Sharlene is one of the few people in a two-block radius of African origin. Because of this, Sharlene feels completely disconnected from her community."

Tags:neighborhood, husband, idealistic, optimistic, racial, equality, socio-economic, groups

Abstract
The introduction of highly addictive crack cocaine in the 1980s caused widespread devastation in inner city communities. Under a tough 1986 crack law, vast numbers of black males are serving long prison sentences, yet crack sales and crack addiction have not decreased. Despite the failure of the War on Drugs to reduce drug use or crime in inner city neighborhoods, protests that the crack law targets blacks for prosecution and long prison sentences, and evidence that the CIA was involved in introducing crack cocaine into inner city neighborhoods, the government has refused to change its tactics and take measures to actually help the black community recover from the crack epidemic.

Tags:black, crack, cocaine

Abstract
This paper explains that European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) was developed to combat some of the European security issues that exist in Europe. Authorities believe that the ENP would enhance the European Union's ability to secure the region against terrorism and would help promote the economy and overall quality of life of the region. The author points out that originally the ENP applied to its direct neighbors: Algeria, Belarus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia and Ukraine. Later, however, it was extended to include the countries of the Southern Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) with whom the present candidate countries, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey, share either a maritime or land border. The paper concludes that by eradicating terrorists or criminal activities and by strengthening the political and justice systems in the country, the ENP will be helpful to Georgia. The paper includes many quotations.

Table of Contents:
Introduction to Study
Introduction
Background/ History
Theoretical Framework
European Integration Theory
Social Theory and International Negotiation Theory
Literature Review
Purpose of the EU
EU Pursues Two Main Types of Policies towards the Rest of the World
Economic Policies
Foreign and Security Policies through the Common Foreign and Security Policy and Defense Policy Cooperation
Enlargement
Development of ENP
ENP Framework: Objectives, Principles and Instrument
European Security Strategy as a Foundation of ENP
The European Neighborhood Policy
Trade and Competitiveness
Development
Strategic Relations, Political Dialogue and CFSP
EU-Georgia Relations
From Partnership to Neighborhood and beyond Neighborhood Policy
EU-Georgia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
Analysis
Looking at the Neighborhood from Georgian Perspective
Why is ENP Important for EU and for Georgia?
The Military Sector
The Economic Sector
The Education Sector
The Environmental Sector
The Society Sector
The Political Sector
How Sectors are Synthesized
EU Interests towards Black Sea Region: Why Georgia Matters?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to the commission's report these agreements permit the expansion of cooperation and economic amalgamation across a variety of domains. The effects of these agreements have not been realized at the current time. In any case, the ENP provides a foundation for improved cooperation in many distinct domains so that the EU and its partners can realize the full benefit of the structures that are in place (European Neighborhood Policy). To this end, the Action Plans will establish key priorities to be tackled in the years to come."

Tags:bilateral, action, integration, sector, terrorism

Abstract
Though overt racism has diminished significantly in the United States over the last 30 years, most American cities remain deeply segregated, and a host of related problems - the lack of public services and private enterprise in inner-city Black neighborhoods, poverty, high crime, poor education- have persisted in part because of this segregation. This research examines and evaluates current social psychological theory as it relates to the issue of discrimination against a single minority group ? African-Americans, who as a group continued to be victimized by the legacy of nearly a century of institutional practices that have embedded racial and ethnic ghettos deep in our national urban demography. Examples for the literature are employed to argue that social psychology confronts many challenges as it attempts to come to terms with a seemingly embedded cultural phenomena.

From the Paper
"From a theoretical perspective, categorization is regarded by social psychologists as a primary-process cognition implicit in racism (Ridley & Hill, 1999). The implication is that racism is not necessarily intentional, and that a number of secondary processes are implicitly at work in categorization. Secondary processes associated with racism include color blindness, color consciousness, cultural transference, cultural counter-transference pseudotransference, disconsciousness, splitting, stereotyping and stigmatizing. Ridley and Hill (1999) suggest that many of these secondary processes tend to operate unconsciously and involuntarily.

Baron and Byrne (2000) suggest that research findings have identified two explanations for the persistence of prejudice. First, individuals hold and retain prejudiced views because doing so bolsters their own self-image and allows them to affirm their own self-worth, feeling superior in various ways. Secondly, holding prejudiced views is theorized as saving the individual considerable cognitive effort. Given that human beings are regarded as cognitive misers or as investing the least possible amount of cognitive effort in most situations, stereotypes have the effect of saving or conserving mental effort. With respect to discrimination, blatant discrimination has become a thing of the past in many instances, but the new racism is regarded by Baron and Byrne (2000) as just as deadly if somewhat more subtle than blatant discrimination."

Tags:african, american, injustice, ghetto, ethnic, racial

Abstract
This paper reviews two studies about how social and political policies of the U.S government formed clearly separated neighborhoods in many parts of America. The paper focuses mainly on Harlem and follows the development of the neighborhood through recent history. It examines factors which influenced the final demographic situation of Harlem.

From the Paper
"We all know that American society is segregated, with some neighborhoods being almost entirely given over to being the home for one race or another. And while we understand that racism is in general responsible for such separation of our society into different spheres, we rarely stop to think about the precise mechanisms involved that make one neighborhood black and another white, nor do we usually consider the benefits of segregation. But James Johnson's Black Manhattan and Gilbert Osofsky's Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto: Negro New York, 1890-1930 help us to understand something of the mechanics as well as the consequences of segregation in America."

Tags:separation, black, racism, history, african, american, policy

Abstract
This paper examines Elijah Anderson's "Code of the Street: Decency, Violence and the Moral Life of the Inner City", extensive interviews with people who live in an area he describes as a "hyperghetto" in "North Philadelphia". The author relates that Anderson points out that, only one generation ago, the neighborhood contained numerous manufacturing jobs; men who wanted to be decent parents could get a job that provided their family with a living wage. The paper concludes that Anderson's book, using full, unedited quotes from the people who live in North Philadelphia, managed to be analytical without being impersonal; he gives readers who have never been anywhere near such a neighborhood an understanding of both its strengths and its weaknesses.

From the Paper
"The attitude of street families has at least some roots in the perception and reality of racism. Street families believe that there's one kind of justice for whites, and another for blacks, and so they will have to right any wrongs done to them on their own. Power comes from having a large group of people who will back you up in a dispute, no questions asked. The fewer people you can count on to call to your side, the weaker, and more vulnerable, you are. Having respect means not that you work hard or are trying to raise your family well, but that you are capable of vengeance and will not hesitate to seek it."

Tags:racism, lifestyle, philadelphia, sex, hyperghetto

Abstract
The phenomenon of hip hop has spawned a new way of dressing, acting, and speaking adopted by black young people, as well as an increasing number of young whites, especially males. Hip hop and its music and speech patterns, known as hip hop or rap or gangsta rap, has moved out of the ghettos and into suburban, middle-class neighborhoods, especially among the young males in those neighborhoods. This paper questions whether it is a bona fide language type, such as Black English Vernacular (BEV), in and of itself, or whether it is a dialect of BEV. Also investigated are the vectors by which this speech might have crossed the color divide and why. Finally, how hip hop/rap/gangsta came to be and what it owes to previous black dialects, as well as to African and West Indian influences, are considered. What emerges is a constantly changing dialect that appeals to the same populations that generally cause language change, the lower classes, which start it, and the middle classes, which carry it upward.

Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction: Statement of Problem
Review of the Literature and Research Questions
Language of the Black Diaspora
Other Cultural Factors
Black English Vernacular Dialects: Africans via the West Indies
Use of "Downmarket" Speech among Britons, White and Black
Is Estuary English Equivalent to BEV Dialects?
Lowest Common Denominator?
Hip-hop Language and Women
Women as Primary Musicians/Speakers of BEV Dialects
Other Voices
Methodology and Results
Appendix

From the Paper
"Kopano argues, in essence, that in their defiant states, both bebop and rap (hip-hop) artists create a rhetoric that is creative in the verbal and nonverbal mode. Both obviously include, either by contribution or adoption, other lifestyle factors, such as clothing choices. And, by extension, the dialect of Black English each one has engendered is likewise dispersed throughout the Black community, and adopted, at least in some ways, by the White community, particularly by the White males who are arguably attracted to the inherent subversive/aggressive message contained in it."

Tags:Estuary, English, NWA, behop, harlem

Abstract
The paper discusses the theory that segregation of a neighborhood is a strong correlating factor determining the rate of crime in that area. Researching in a strong criminologist mindset, the paper touches on economic deprivation, the influence crime has on social change, social organization, adversity in black neighborhoods and police action in different segregated areas. The paper concludes that the higher the segregation in a neighborhood, the higher the rate of crimes and arrest.

Outline:
Economic Deprivation
Crime Influences Social Changes
Rising From the Ghetto
Social Organization
Adverse to Black Neighbors?
Police Action in Different Segregated Areas
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Subsequent research demonstrates that at any given point in time the racial composition of an individual suburban community or of a suburban region is a strong independent predictor of its level of violent crime" (Liska et al, 1998). As embarrassing as it may be, it is safe to say that segregation still exists in the United States. Minorities in America have been given many rights since the 1960's and 1970's and many eyes have been opened to embrace being blind to the color of a person's skin. Unfortunately much of the country is segregated, mainly whites from non-whites. How does this segregation affect crime? What is the correlation between crime and segregated and non-segregated neighborhoods?

Tags:sociology, race, economic, deprivation, ghetto, Blacks

Abstract
This paper explains that, when the Dutch settled in their North American colonies, they brought with them slaves to do the manual labor on their farms. These Africans arrived from the Caribbean in 1625 or 1626 as slaves to the Dutch West India Company. The author points out that rules regarding their servitude were not as harsh as they would become in the future under British rule. The paper relates that, as early as 1630, freed slaves settled the swampy predecessor to the Greenwich Village area of New York City, which remained a black neighborhood for almost 200 years. The author describes the revolt of 1712, which was the result of the stricter British rules.

From the Paper
"The ensuing revolt of 1712 was inevitable: the new British rules were too harsh and too much of a change from the unequal but hopeful and comparatively non-violent status quo previously organized in New Amsterdam. After meeting in a tavern, twenty-
three Africans armed themselves with hatchets, clubs, and guns and set fire to a centrally-located building in New York. When Europeans came to combat the blaze, several of them were killed and wounded. Local militias rounded up twenty-seven slaves
in retribution, six of whom committed suicide under capture."

Tags:conditional, black neighborhood, british armed debasement