Abstract This is an informative paper on what exactly a blackhole is and what scientists have theorized about blackholes. The paper examines the formation of blackholes, past research on blackholes and pondering questions still unanswered today.
From the Paper "Ever since you were old enough to know what the sky, moon and stars were, you have always imagined what is actually up there? One of the most fascinating ideas of all is the mysterious and scary thought of a BLACK HOLE! This is perfectly normal because even today scientists are still pondering over that same question ? what is a black hole and does it exist? Theories that at one time seemed reasonable are now laughed at, our skies hold an infinite space which we will never be able to explore, as a result, our questions will be infinite as well."
Abstract This paper discusses current knowledge about the development and detection of blackholes and explains that the study of blackholes is justified because it increases our understanding of the universe. The paper also discusses the contribution of the Hubble Telescope to the study of blackholes.
From the Paper contributions of the study of black holes to the understanding of the universe Introduction Newspaper stores in mid-February provided accounts of the detection of the existence of a form of energy that is dark unseen and permeating space Glanz A primary effect of this force is to push the universe apart The importance of the effect is that by overcoming gravity the universe expands as opposed to collapsing upon itself There remains a massive absence of knowledge about the force that has been detected although the existence of
Abstract This paper explains the phenomenon of blackholes and how the theory of the blackhole evolved. It begins by defining blackholes and providing a detailed history of them. The paper then discusses whether blackholes are just a theory or not and it discusses the evidence that blackholes exist even though they cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What Are BlackHoles?
History of BlackHoles Are BlackHoles Just A Theory?
Conclusion
From the Paper "The authors further explain that at the Schwarzschild radius, the coefficient of the time interval in the Schwarzschild metric is zero (Hawley and Holcomb 1998). As a result, the time interval itself becomes infinite (Hawley and Holcomb 1998). Likewise, radial intervals decrease to zero, which is the definitive length contraction. These effects occur as a result of the choice of coordinates, and these coordinates are not ever absolute even as it relates to Newtonian physics. Nonetheless, the length contraction, time dilation, and other relativistic effects that are dependent upon the metric coefficients, are actual physical occurrences and can be calculated with the right type of instruments (Hawley and Holcomb 1998). In addition the gravitational field in the vicinity of the black hole is more significant at small radius than it is when it is at some distance away, and as a result light moving from near the object endures a gravitational redshift (Hawley and Holcomb 1998)."
Abstract This paper looks at blackholes in terms of the most prevalent theories. It first, defines what we have come to understand as a blackhole. It then touches upon how blackholes are documented and measured. Thirdly, it examines the blackhole believed to be at the center of our own Milky Way galaxy. Finally, it explores the prevalent hypothesis that blackholes are in fact the genesis of all galaxies.
From the Paper "Gravity is the cause of black holes. A black hole is the unlimited and irresistible force of ultimate gravity in the universe. To understand how a black hole is created, it is helpful to understand a bit about the basics of gravity. Imagine shooting an arrow into the sky. The harder you shoot the arrow, the farther it will go in attempting to escape the pull of the Earth's gravity. If you were to use a big enough bow with enough force you could help the arrow reach speeds exceeding 7miles per second which is the escape velocity for the Earth. Escape velocity indicates the minimum speed necessary to beat the pull of the planet's gravitational core (Cowen , 390). The strength of the gravitational pull of the core is determined by the density and mass of the core. The denser and more massive that the core is, the greater the gravitational pull. If you were to drop a ball to the center of the earth, the gravitational forces would crush it into an ever shrinking volume requiring even greater amounts of force to help it reach escape velocity. As the greatest theoretical speed for any physical object in the universe is that of light (which travels at 186 thousand miles per second) a mass large and dense enough can actually exert so much force that not even light can achieve escape velocity. The object that can pull even light into it and keep it from escaping is a black hole."
Abstract The paper describes a blackhole as a region of space that has so much mass concentrated in it that there is no way for a nearby object to escape its gravitational pull. Blackholes are thought to be formed from stars or other massive objects when they collapse from their own gravity to form an object whose density is infinite. This paper covers the topic of blackholes including definition, origin, history and size.
From the Paper "In the 1930s, researchers began to prove that black holes may actually exist. They showed that when a sufficiently massive star runs out of fuel, it is unable to support itself against its own gravitational pull and should collapse into a black hole.
"The term "black hole" was coined by physicist John Archibald Wheeler coined in the 1960s. So why did Wheeler choose to call them black holes? The main reason was since no light can escape from inside a black hole, it seemed logical. Before Wheeler invented the term, black holes were commonly referred to as ?frozen stars.? "
Abstract The paper defines blackholes and explains what they are made up of. The paper explores common misconceptions surrounding blackholes, as well as other mysteries. Finally the paper examines theories regarding how blackholes eventually end.
From the Paper "Black holes, one of space's greatest phenomenons, appear to be tremendous concentrations of matter, usually at the center of a galaxy; however, smaller back holes are possible. The matter is in the form of neutrons, protons, and electrons, tightly packed together by their mutual gravitational attraction. The beautifully descriptive name comes from the fact that light cannot exit from a Black hole. They are suspected to form in the death and collapse of a star that began with more than10 times the sun's mass (those with less mass become white dwarfs or neutron stars)."
Abstract The paper uses scientific data to support the claim that based on what is known by astronomers both about blackholes and about our galaxy. The author finds that the scenario of a growing blackhole is unlikely and would have already been discovered by multiple laboratories that exist to monitor our skies. The writer continues with a forecast of defense for which scientists are prepared in the event of the threat of a blackhole.
From the Paper "The Schwarzschild radius also helps marks the point at which the gravity is so great that no state of matter can withstand it. This distance falls at approximately a factor of twice the Schwarzschild radius; the exact value has not been determined. However, the effect of its gravity on distant orbiting objects remains unchanged. The gravity pull is determined as a force originating at and acting on the centers of the objects. When the star collapses into a black hole, its center of mass remains the same, thus having no effect on the orbiting objects."
Abstract This paper examines BlackHoles. It commences with theoretical speculation about the link between galaxy formation and blackholes. Proving the existence of blackholes through the discovery of event horizons is also examined.
Abstract This paper explains that in the universe, few elements are weirder than blackholes, a celestial body made of material so dense that nothing can easily escape its gravitational field, not even light. The author points out, that for decades, theorists considered them mere mathematical constructs, unavoidable consequences of Albert Einstein's theories of relativity; but there is no reason that they cannot exist in nature and, over the last four decades, evidence has mounted that suggests they actually do exist. The paper relates that, although blackholes are totally invisible and there is no way to see them directly, they can be detected indirectly (1) by observing the radiation from the bright-burning accretion disks, which radiate on all electromagnetic frequencies especially on the X-ray bands, and (2) by observing their gravitational effects on other objects.
Table of Contents
Introduction
BlackHole Anatomy 101
Surfing the Singularity
From the Paper "Another important feature possessed by many black holes is an accretion disk, a torus around the event horizon formed by infalling matter as it spirals toward the singularity. Because of the energetic nature of the infall-think of the whirlpool formed as water drains from a bathtub-accretion disks usually emit all sorts of radiation, including visible light. The only other features black holes are reliably theorized to possess are angular momentum (rotation) and occasionally the odd electric charge or magnetic polarity, a consequence of eating too many charged particles"
Abstract This paper is an in-depth treatise on the subject of blackholes (it does not contain any sophisticated math). A blackhole is a region of space where matters collapses in upon itself toward an infinite density, thereby endlessly increasing its mass and gravitational pull. It details the evidence for their existence both theoretical and empirical and describes the debates concerning their fundamental nature (how they warp time and gravity). It evaluates theories by Einstein and Stephen Hawking as well as related phenomenon such as white holes and wormholes.
From the Paper "Man has always looked into the heavens and questioned the nature of the universe around him. Through the science of physics he has created such seemingly basic and ubiquitous concepts as time, mass, weight, and gravity. Held to be absolutes, these conceptual building blocks allow him to define, categorize, and relate the objects he discovers in the vastness of space. And without argument, his definitions and equations intercalating these abstractions hold true - except in one specific locus of space. A region of mystery possessing infinite depth yet of finite size, detectable in space yet emitting no electromagnetic radiation, an enigma of nature that beckons to be resolved. An entity first described as a "frozen star" but then later dubbed a "black hole" by John Archibald Wheeler. What is this black hole?"
Abstract This paper discusses how blackholes are created. It studies the ideas of physicist John Mitchell, his discoveries and how Isaac Newton's physics ideas helped lead to his discoveries on blackholes. It also covers white dwarfs (stellar corpses), the most famous being Sirius.
From the Paper "The black hole was first named by the English physicist John Mitchell in 1783, more than two hundred years ago. But what are these black holes? Do they really exist? Based on planet movement studies made by Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler, John Mitchell deduced the existence of a force that made the Sun, the Earth, the Moon and everything contained in the cosmos."
Abstract This paper describes in depth test results and discoveries on blackholes and whether or not they do exist. Special emphasis is placed on a discussion of Cygnus X-1.
From the Paper "The only ways that we can detect black holes are to see the bending of light, or to examine the waves that they put off. The first thing discovered was a X-ray source in the constellation of Cygnus. This was then called Cygnus X-1 for its first X-ray source. No one knew for sure where this was coming from because X-ray telescopes cannot give that precise of a location. Later, in the spring of 1972 a new unexplained radio source was found in the same general area as Cygnus X-1. They identified this as an optical star known only by its classification number HDE226868. While we were finding this, the X-ray source for Cygnus X-1 showed up once again. They examined the data between these two objects, and made the conclusion that they were related. Most likely as a binary pair, with the star, and the unknown object, Cygnus X-1, orbiting around each other (DeGennaro). A binary pair is a pair of stars that orbit around each other, in this case one is a black hole, and the star orbits around it. As it orbits the immense gravity from the black hole strips gas from the normal star. As it falls it is moving at such a speed that the friction causes it to heat up to several million degrees, and this heat then causes the x-rays (McClintock)."
Abstract The following paper takes a look at the historical discovery of blackholes, the current mindset about what they are and how they relate to the universe. The writer asserts that while the evidence is circumstantial at best, it is becoming more unified with each new discovery.
From the Paper "Since the advent of science fiction the Black Hole theory has been used to add dimension and character to many books and movies. The space ships are sucked into Black Holes never to be heard from again, aliens are believed to emerge from them and they are used as portals to new universes according to fictional history. The use of the theory of Black Holes in fictional works is something that allows artistic license about what they are and what they aren't and what scientists believe at this point to be true."
Abstract Current theories indicate that there are three types of blackholes and each is examined. Theories also may provide information on the creation of galaxies.
This paper attempts to explain the evolution of human understanding of the universe, from the initial rationales concerning the earth and its origin until advanced conceptions of the "big bang" and discovery of a blackhole.
2,971 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 35 sources, 1998, $ 87.95
From the Paper "Throughout time, man has looked to the skies and wondered what was beyond the clouds. For the most part, primitive man solved the quandary of universal creation through myths, legends and stories. The Egyptians provided the earliest and primitive conjectures of the universe. In early Greece, Ptolemy made observations and transcribed the positions of stars, eventually documenting his findings in his book, Almagest. During the Renaissance and Enlightenment, scientists and astronomers began to study the solar system and universe. Beginning with Earth's solar system and slowly expanding to the milky way galaxy, mankind's understanding of the universe slowly expanded and advanced. Galileo's invention of the telescope was the monumentous innovation of the 17th century. It allowed for the examination and probing of the universe without traveling throughout it. Modern discoveries in science and astronomy conflicted with religion in dealing with the creation of the universe. As time passed, the comprehension of the universe evolved. "
