Abstract
This paper explains that both excerpts from C.S. Giscombe's "Into and Out of Dislocation" and Peter Hudson's "Natural Histories of Southwestern British Columbia" discuss black history in British Columbia. The author points out that the two writers' styles are utterly different. The paper relates that Giscombe simultaneously relates the history of his travels in British Columbia and the history of John Robert Giscome, a man who was possibly one of Giscombe's ancestors.

From the Paper
"On the face of it, the excerpts from C.S. Giscombe's Into and Out of Dislocation and Peter Hudson's Natural Histories of Southwestern British Columbia seem to have little in common. Certainly, the two authors' styles are utterly different. However, closer analysis reveals many similarities between the two excerpts. The first and most obvious similarity is that both men have as their subject matter history - specifically, black history in British Columbia. Giscombe simultaneously relates the history of his travels in British Columbia and the history of John Robert Giscome, a man who was possibly one of Giscombe's ancestors."

Tags:british, columbia, black

Abstract
This paper explains that the era following the Civil War was not a smooth transition from a slave-owning to a free-black society, but rather was characterized by conflict over the needs of the Southern states in the reconstruction of their ruined lands and fragmented social and political order. The author points out that this period is significantly important to subsequent African-American history because it enabled later periods of de-facto segregation and traditional issues of daily prejudice; however, it also marked the beginning of a constitutional move to demand free-men's rights equal to those of white men. The paper relates that the black codes, which eventually were named the Jim Crow Laws, allowed for officially sanctioned freedoms as well as restrictions that created legal segregation on many levels all over the South and reinforced those that already existed in the North.

From the Paper
"From these movements local Southern activists emerged, like Fannie Lou Hammer, who spent the majority of her life fighting one campaign after another for local equality. The changes in the movement, demonstrated a concerted effort by national activists to include the voice of the people in the fight. The effort was successful in many ways because it helped create a system of people who were willing to endure countless personal and often violent attacks but who knew the local community and could create grassroots support for change."

Tags:activists, conflict, naacp, crow, segregation

Abstract
This paper discusses how the book "The Black Jacobins", by C. L. R. James, is an not only account of the Haitian Revolution, it is a close and personal account of the only slave revolt that ultimately resulted in the founding of a black republic in the heart of the Caribbean. By closely relating the French Revolution with the Haitian Revolution, roughly from 1791 to 1803, it looks at how James is able to show the reader how the two events effected each other. It shows how James examines the struggle for independence while providing an intimate look at those involved, especially the slaves. James offers a perspective of black history that empowers black people, illustrating how they responded to and overcame slavery, especially under the leadership of Toussaint L'Ouverture.

From the Paper
"Class structure was important to James, as he believed it was based more on economic needs rather than racial divisions; the economic forces proved to be more influential than the racial boundaries did. James admits that this did not erase the presence of racism, it simply points out that greed for economic and class status were often considered more important than race and can thus influence race prejudice. However, because the elite continually tries to re-implement the order and establish their elite class over and over again, according to James. Within the slave community, James also distinguishes an "upper" class of servants. These servants cultivated themselves and learned as much as they could. From their unique position, they could see the unfairness of society; their knowledge would later help them serve their people on a higher level."

Tags:haitian, revolution, slave, revolt, black, republic

Abstract
This paper examines W.E. B. Du Bois and his novel "The Souls of Black Folks." The writer begins with a short biography DuBois, his motivation behind the writing of this book and how in his later life he embraced Communism. The author discusses some of the major topics that are covered in DuBois' book including black history in the post-Civil War period, the contributions of some of the most blacks in American history, racism and poverty. According to this author, this book is one of the most significant pieces of non-fiction written about the black community in America prior to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.

From the Paper
"Throughout the book Du Bois mentions racism almost casually, such as the white school superintendent who hires him to teach, invites him to dinner, and then makes him eat alone, after the whites have eaten their dinner. These slights are just some of the injustices blacks faced during Du Bois' time, and they appear continually in the book, illustrating the depth of racism and ignorance in white society. "Again, we may decry the color-prejudice of the South, yet it remains a heavy fact. Such curious kinks of the human mind exist and must be reckoned with soberly. They cannot be laughed away, nor always successfully stormed at, nor easily abolished by act of legislature" ("Souls," 2002)."

Tags:dubois, americans, civil, rights, racism, movement, slavery, white

Abstract
The paper offers an analysis of how Harriet Jacobs, in "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl," likens slavery and oppression to the situation of patriarchal control of white men over their wives as well as their slaves. The paper quotes Jacobs' comparison to William W. Brown's "A Fugitive Slave."

From the Paper
"Throughout history women of all colors have traditionally been limited by rigid roles and norms of behavior imposed by patriarchy. Marriage basically represented ownership of the wife by the husband often positing women to a position no freer than that of cattle. Women were limited in exercising freedom of expression, were dependent upon their husbands for income and often remained vulnerable to the moods of their husband."

Tags:chattel, gender, marriage, control, roles, body, freedom, human rights

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that American history has been written in the spirit of white patronage. The writer maintains that certain facts about this country's history have been conveniently forgotten in order to emphasize the glory and righteousness of the white man and the helplessness and in-consequence of the black man. While this may be an unconsciously made decision, it is a decision that has been made nonetheless. The writer points out that in no single event is this idea of white dominance more clear than in the popular mythology surrounding the Civil War. The writer notes that there is no mention in this country's popular history of the North's profit off of slavery during the 1860s, or the region's ambivalence toward newly freed slaves. Further, the writer points out that there is certainly little or no mention of the thousands of black men who served in the Union army, or of the poor treatment that they received at the hands of white officers. The writer concludes that by whitewashing history, by denying blacks their proper place in history, the textbooks and teachers of this and previous eras are teaching the in-consequence of those blacks in their own history.

From the Paper
"A huge and enduring misconception of the Civil War period is that the evil slave traders stayed in the South while the North sounded the call of freedom. It was in fact the northern colonies that would introduce African slaves to the colonies, and it was also the northern colonies that would continue to supply the South with slaves until the Civil War. Until well past the Revolutionary War, up to 10% of New England's population was made up of slaves. After it was decided by most northern colonies to abolish the practice, they did so in a gradual fashion, freeing the children that would be born to their slaves, but not the parents of those children. Long after this process of gradual liberation was completed, the North still reaped large profits from the slave trade, in the form of their ships. Up until the Civil War ended, 35,000 trips were made to bring slaves to the Americas, and although Northern complicity often existed only so far as stock ownership was concerned, it still existed. It was only after the Civil War was finished that the North decided to forget it's unfortunate history, and it is this collective amnesia that has been passed down to this day."

Tags:white, black, culture, dominance

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that throughout history the Black Plague has emerged in some societies and then laid dormant, only to become active again, killing massive numbers of populations. The writer points out that primarily carried by rats and the fleas that feed from them, the Black Plague has been cited as existing in a growing number of cases in modern times, although its roots began centuries earlier. The writer notes that there have been several pandemics of the Black Plague, which is the most devastating infection that the world has ever known. The writer maintains that statistics indicate that the Black Plague still exists and is increasing in the numbers of the population that it kills each year. The writer concludes that it is for this reason society, medical science and those that lead nations must begin to act on the plague in order to save millions more within societies today and in the future.

Outline:
Introduction
Beginning of the Plague
Emergence
Affects on Society
How it Spread
Second Mass Occurrence
Origins
Countries it Impacted
Affects on Society
New Types
London
Appearance in London
How it Impacted Society
How it Ended
Modern Society
Existence of the Plague in the 20th Century
Existence of the Plague in Modern Society
Statistics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In the 1300s the Black Plague emerged in Asia and quickly spread throughout Europe and once again in Italy. This pandemic was directly related to the trade that existed between these countries, as it followed the waterways that carried goods from one port to another. In this pandemic the plague was capable of taking in excess of 20 million lives and adversely impacted all civilizations that it spread to. This occurred through the inability of farmers to harvest their crops and workers to produce goods that were required to maintain businesses. Bishop contends that the affect of the plague on the populations where it existed included families abandoning their children, physicians refusing to care for patients and the Catholic Church proclaiming massive forgiveness for all who died because of the lack of clergy to hear the confessions of the dead."

Tags:black, death, pandemic, bubonic, infection

Abstract
In this paper, Neihardt provides a different historical perspective of pioneer history through the perspective of Black Elk, a Native American. The paper examines how this anthropological dictation not only provides evidence of the genocide and racism that Europeans forced upon the Indians, but also how much more noble and moral Black Elk was though his tradition and honor of treaties. The writer proposes that by getting another perspective to the often-biased American history of how Native Americans are seen, the story of Black Elk resonates the truth of happened during pioneering expansion from the voice of the defeated.

From the Paper
"In this book review one can analyze the various anthropological dictations of the Native American, Black Elk, who was `interviewed' by the European John Neihardt. By examining various aspects of the expansionist policy of the Europeans who moved into the Dakota tribal region, one can realize an Indian perspective of how they were treated in the ensuing wars. In essence, Neihardt acts as a anthropological investigator that discovers the non-European point of view of the "Indian" Wars' with Black Elk. The purpose of the John Neihardt's book Black Elk Speaks is to give validity to the Native American side of the story when westward expansion was at is peak in the Dakota regions of the Old West. Neihardt's mission is to convey a different story of early pioneer European expansion than those found in American history books."

Tags:elk, neihardt, black

Abstract
The Black Hawk War, while only encompassing a brief period of time, has become a landmark in United States history. This is partially due to the large amounts of written materials left from the event, where other wars between settlers and the Native Americans went undocumented, and partially due to the mysterious circumstances of the confrontation. This paper will summarize the events of this war, in order to best demonstrate why the Black Hawk War has had so great an impact on our recent history.

Tags:NATIVE-AMERICAN STUDIES, black hawk war

Abstract
The paper relates the history of black Americans starting from the pre-Civil War period. It includes a description of the life of free blacks in the pre-civil war period, the life of a southern plantation slave, the roles of free blacks and slaves during the civil war, and the reconstruction period.

From the Paper
"Although numerous discriminatory laws restricted their lives even in the colonial period, freed African Americans, particularly in the North, were active participants in American society. Black men enlisted as soldiers and fought in the American Revolution and the War of 1812. Some owned land, homes, businesses, and paid taxes. In some Northern cities, for short periods, black property owners voted. A very small number of free blacks owned slaves. "

Tags:black, slave