Abstract
The Black Hawk War, while only encompassing a brief period of time, has become a landmark in United States history. This is partially due to the large amounts of written materials left from the event, where other wars between settlers and the Native Americans went undocumented, and partially due to the mysterious circumstances of the confrontation. This paper will summarize the events of this war, in order to best demonstrate why the Black Hawk War has had so great an impact on our recent history.

Tags:NATIVE-AMERICAN STUDIES, black hawk war

Abstract
This paper addresses the leadership qualities found within the Native American chief, Black Hawk. Black Hawk is the leader who led the last conflict against the white settlers east of the Mississippi. This paper demonstrates that Black Hawk is a leader who easily motivated and encouraged his war party to fight in a war they knew they would lose.

Abstract
This paper reviews Mark Bowden's book "Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War". The purpose of the paper is to compare the book's events to the 'Principles of War', an Army Field Manual FM-3 Military Operations, which describes nine principles of war and their definitions.

From the Paper
"So where did the mission fall short? One area was the principle of "maneuver," which is supposed to "Place the enemy in a position of disadvantage through the flexible application of combat power" (Editors). Unfortunately, the troops did not place their enemy at a disadvantage. Actually, they were at a disadvantage due to snipers and sharp shooters that they did not anticipate. The guerilla type tactics of the rebel forces took the troops by surprise and effectively pinned them down in different locations, which placed them at the disadvantage in the situation. The situation was complicated by poor communication and direction, which led to a prolonged time before the troops were liberated from the city. Not enough planning and understanding went into the ground portion of the maneuver, and so it ended poorly, and gave the advantage to the Somali rebels. "

Tags:Somalis, Mogadishu, security, Habr, Gidr, clan, troops

Abstract
In this article, the writer supports the thesis that the real Black Hawk was not at all the villainous foe of white society that was portrayed in history book, but that he was an honored warrior, when viewed from his on cultural traditions and heritage. The writer explores opinions regarding Black Hawk from primary and secondary sources. The writer also explains some of his most misunderstood actions from a Native-American perspective. The writer focuses on problems found with a work by F. Stevens, one of the most widely cited references regarding Black Hawk's war. The writer discusses how white perceptions and native traditions clashed to create a conflict that tore apart a people for the sake of progress.

Outline:
Cultural Significance and the Sacredness of the Land
The Treaty of 1804

From the Paper
"To place the war chief below the civil chief represents an error on the part of Stevens in his account. Both the war chief and the civil chief cannot act on behalf of the tribe without consent of council. Council must agree on the actions of both rulers. This differs from American government, where the president and representatives of the government have the authority to act on their own, doing what they feel is in their best interest.
"Steven's account of Black Hawk makes it appear that he was acting alone. When a raid or act of war is portrayed, the author uses the singular Black Hawk in the description. Seldom does he mention the party that went with him and his forces in war. Throughout the account, the warriors that accompanied him are treated as if they have no mind of their own. This is an error on the part of Stevens, as these warriors would not have accompanied him without approval of their actions from council. Black Hawk's actions represented a group decision that fighting was the best thing to do, he was only carrying out his duty as war chief, as point that is often missed in historical accounts."

Tags:chief, tribe, whites, rulers

Abstract
This paper contains a general review of the book, with emphasis on the leadership qualities of the Rangers in Somalia. It explains that this book is a detailed and often emotional look into the men of the Army Rangers and Delta Force. It shows their fellowship, their dedication, and the demands their roles as soldiers ask of them.

From the Paper
"The author is strongest in his portrayals of the people involved in the mission. Through interviews and extensive research, he paints realistic pictures of the men, their ideals, and their beliefs. He illustrates what makes a good Army officer by showing these men at their best, and at their worst. Even a non-military reader will get an idea of the dedication to duty these men possess, and their importance to the Army and the Army mission. As the reader becomes more involved with the men and the situations, they become like friends, and the reader begins to understand their motivation as soldiers, and their needs as people. It makes them more real and engaging to the reader, but it makes the reader root for them, hoping they survive the nightmare the mission has degraded into. Some do, and some do not. It is real combat, with all the problems, solutions, and logistics that complicate any real life scenario. Civilians reading this book may get a better picture of just what it is that soldiers face every day they head into battle."

Tags:rangers, somalia, delta, force

Abstract
This paper describes the book "Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War" as a detailed and emotional look into an unsuccessful U.S. mission in Somalia. The paper explains the author's thesis that the mission was flawed from the start, as was the command that led to the mission in the first place. The paper portrays how this is more than an important historical account of what happened in Somalia in 1993. The paper discusses how it shows the flaws and inefficiencies of the military and provides many questions as to the wisdom of becoming involved in skirmishes like the one in Somalia.

From the Paper
"Bowden relates the actions of several "chalks" of soldiers sent into Mogadishu to kidnap two high-ranking lieutenants in General Aidid's Habr Gidr Clan insurgent army. The Army Rangers assigned to the task seem well prepared and trained for the mission, but from the first, everything falls apart and the soldiers are stranded in Mogadishu without backup or rescue. The author's thesis for the book is simple, the mission was flawed from the start, and so was the command that led to the mission in the first place. He notes, "In Washington a whiff of failure is enough to induce widespread amnesia," (331), which indicates his cynicism regarding the mission and the Washington reaction to withdraw the troops just days after the Black Hawk Down raid."

Tags:Mogadishu, flaws, failure, skirmishes, peacekeeping, military

Abstract
This paper discusses how certain movies produced by Hollywood have influenced public opinion about U.S foreign policy. Specifically, the author looks at how three specific films have manufactured public support for U.S. military incursions: "Green Beret" (1968) about Vietnam, "Black Hawk Down" (2001) about Somalia and "Pearl Harbor" (2001) about World War II.

From the Paper
"The directness of the relationship is proportional to money the military establishment will outlay for a film, as well as personnel and hardware support. This arrangement does not always work out: several Vietnam movies were refused by the military establishment, including Apocalypse Now, yet were still commercially successful films. The timing and content of military propaganda films is important for achieving success. Foreign policy, defense objectives, and the domestic public mood must be correctly read. This needs close communication between Hollywood and the military establishment."

Tags:movie, film, U.S., war, Somalia, Vietnam, Pearl, Harbor, Black, Hawk, Down, green, beret, pentagon

Abstract
This essay examines the roles played by women in the military and gender stratification. The author discusses three Supreme Court cases that strengthened the ongoing argument that females should be allowed into military positions of active combat. The paper also looks at the story of Major Rhonda Cornum, taken captive in the Black Hawk incident.

From the Paper
"As the world enters the twenty-first century, the question of gender stratification and exclusion in military ground combat situations continues to be the center of much disagreement and debate. Female citizens should by all means be guaranteed the same opportunities for advancement and individual freedom of choice that are given their male counterparts. The obtainment of these opportunities and freedoms should not, however, come at the expense or sacrifice of all aspects of the time-honored relationships and boundaries that have conventionally existed between the sexes, one of which is the battlefield."

Tags:cornum, black, hawk, military, women, combat, battle, frontiero, richardson, gulf, war, supreme, court, schlesinger, ballard

Abstract
This essays provides an analysis of two war genre films, Richard Fleischer's "Tora! Tora! Tora!" and Ridley Scott's "Black Hawk Down." The paper addresses how the films deal with nationalism, patriotism and citizenship in their depiction of war.

Tags:Pearl Harbor, Somalia, Mogadishu, military, combat, violence, bureaucracy, ethnocentrism, culture, humanitarian mission, civil war, Japanese, Pacific