Abstract
The stars that fill the night sky have their life span. They are born in the molecular clouds, regions of space filled with gaseous material. Gravity forces in these clouds can contract small regions of matter into larger clumps, which in turn become the centers of gravitational pull. The contraction causes the material to warm up and eventually triggers nuclear reactions inside the newly born star.

From the Paper
Are Black Holes Real? The stars that fill the night sky have their life span. They are born in the molecular clouds, regions of space filled with gaseous material. Gravity forces in these clouds can contract small regions of matter into larger clumps, which in turn become the centers of gravitational pull. The contraction causes the material to warm up and eventually triggers nuclear reactions inside the newly born star. During its life the star is in constant fight against gravity that tries to contract it further. The high pressure from the heat keeps the star alive by pushing outward, fighting gravity. Once the fuel is used up the star cannot fight gravity anymore

Tags:astronomy, black holes, ptoof

Abstract
The paper relates that Carly Churchill uses contrasting British epochs to illustrate the confused and sometimes perverse cultural values in her play Cloud Nine. The paper looks at how two children, siblings Edward and Victoria, are regarded through two specific lenses: Edwardian Colonial Africa and Margaret Thatcher's London. The paper shows how the frustrations and confusions they suffer in Thatcher's London illustrate a listless lack of moral faith in what they have learned as children, however, it is in the opulent, opening African setting of Act I where the seeds of confusion are scattered in their hearts and minds.

From the Paper
"Carly Churchill uses contrasting British epochs to illustrate the confused and sometimes perverse cultural values in her play "Cloud Nine". Two children, siblings Edward and Victoria, are regarded through two specific lenses: Edwardian Colonial Africa and Margaret Thatcher's London. The frustrations and confusions they suffer in Thatcher's London illustrate a listless lack of moral faith in what they have learned as children. However, it is in the opulent, opening African setting of Act I where the seeds of confusion are scattered in their hearts and minds."

Tags:churchill, cloud, nine

Abstract
In addition to looking at the reasons for the disintegration of the Black Panthers, this paper also traces the origins of the Party, examines how and why it started, describes its program and activities, the FBI's campaign against the Black Panthers, the trial of Black Panther members in court, the role of women in BPP, and the impact of the Party on the country.

Table of Contents
The Black Panther Party
Origin
Why was the Party Started?
The Ten-Point Program
Activities of the Black Panthers
War Against the Panthers
Black Panthers in Court
Black Panther Women
Alliances and Coalitions
Mistakes Made by the Black Panthers
Impact of the Party on the Country

From the Paper
"The black community of Oakland, California was greatly perturbed due to the failure of Southern white policemen to provide adequate protection for its black residents and the increasing incidents of police brutality targeted at the blacks. The organizers of the Panthers, therefore, aimed to gain justice for black people and dedicated themselves to defend the black community from racist police oppression and brutality. Besides being considered as the perpetrators of injustice and violence against the black community, the police was perceived by the Panthers as the representatives of the status quo and the "establishment" who implemented its anti-Black agenda. Since the Panthers believed that they were fighting the "status quo" the BPP considered itself to be a "revolutionary" party, which was committed to wage a class struggle to overthrow the existing order. (Harris 169)"

Tags:militant, black, revolutionary, party, huey, newton, bobby, seale, malcolm, x, nationalism

Abstract
This paper examines how James Cone believes that if blacks, particularly African-Americans, don't wake up and change the traditional American image of Jesus, they will probably never grasp the true philosophy and mission of Jesus. It discusses how African-Americans must see Jesus as a black man that endured the struggle and how it is the duty of black preachers, pastors and theologians to advocate black theology, which includes the black image of Jesus, for the sake and survival of the African-American experience.

From the Paper
"When one begins to think about God, questions arise as one lacks significant knowledge of God. When one begins to engage in such a dialogue, or entertains such questions, one has clearly entered the community of theology. The articles states: "The attempt to think about God leads immediately to a host of related question which are included under the term theology. First, there is the question of mans relationship to God, the ultimate source of things? Then we must ask about revelation to God, that is, how does man know what God is like? If God must reveal himself where and how is he revealed?" These are prospective questions that man can't escape when thinking about God or in dialogue about God. "

Tags:black, god, jesus, african-american

Abstract
Compares Alain Locke's and Carolyn F. Gerald's proposals for a pseudo-militant black arts movement. Looks at how both authors view the self-image of the average black person as one that has been forced upon them by the white majority. The paper goes on to discuss how both authors see the need to change and recreate the black self-image, and their differing views on how to approach the task of creating this new image.

From the Paper
"The main difference between Locke and Gerald is the way in which they approach the new image-making task at hand. For Locke, it is entirely a creative process. He seeks to find whatever meaning in white culture that ought to be (for black culture has, after all, left parts of its meanings floating about in white space, such as musical influences). He additionally seeks to create new meanings that can interact healthily with white culture, to create a new American culture. Gerald is far more nihilistic. Her focus is more on destruction and the (justifiable) wrath of her people. Attempted culture creation in the presence of the white discourse has only led to failure and frustration. The white discourse must be destroyed."

Tags:black, artists/writers, global, race-identification, black, people, black, literature

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the social group of Black women and argues that in spite of the achievements of the women's rights movement of the 1960s,many opportunities and pathways to self-actualization are not available to black women. The writer discusses that in a society in which Black women were slaves to whites and subservient to Black males, the struggles for equality that have existed in the world have not changed the social perception of Black females.

From the Paper
"In viewing the societal landscape it is evident that there are very few Black women that lead corporations, political entities or educational institutions. This is primarily because Black women as a social group have been overlooked and outcast by those outside of their culture, as well as those within it. It is often believed that the women's rights movement in the 1960s changed the existence of all women for the better, opening doors that created opportunity and a road toward self-actualization. Yet, for most Black women this was not the case."

Tags:black, women, development

Abstract
This is an informative paper on what exactly a black hole is and what scientists have theorized about black holes. The paper examines the formation of black holes, past research on black holes and pondering questions still unanswered today.

From the Paper
"Ever since you were old enough to know what the sky, moon and stars were, you have always imagined what is actually up there? One of the most fascinating ideas of all is the mysterious and scary thought of a BLACK HOLE! This is perfectly normal because even today scientists are still pondering over that same question - what is a black hole and does it exist? Theories that at one time seemed reasonable are now laughed at, our skies hold an infinite space which we will never be able to explore, as a result, our questions will be infinite as well."

Tags:astronomy, black, holes, science, stars, universe, infinity

Abstract
The paper compares and contrasts three stories, "The Lesson" by Toni Cade Bambara, "The Man to Send Rain Clouds" by Leslie Marmon Silko and "El Tonto del Barrio" by Jose Armas, all covering some aspect of a clash of cultures and the way this clash affects the minorities who are involved. The paper shows how all the characters are from some minority group; black children, Native Americans and Hispanics of a small town.

From the Paper
"The three stories under discussion -- "The Lesson" by Toni Cade Bambara, "The Man to Send Rain Clouds" by Leslie Marmon Silko and "El Tonto del Barrio" by Jose Armas -- all present a clash of cultures, with the majority culture downgrading the minority culture, with minority characters who resent the dismissal of their culture superior white attitudes and with a lingering resentment created in these minority characters, a resentment that may last a lifetime. This is quite evident in the story by Toni Cade Bambara, which presents a class on a field trip. The students are black children in New York City, being transported from their ghetto neighborhood downtown to the shopping district well-known to more affluent whites. The story involves a journey through unfamiliar territory, with relatively naive characters who learn a lesson from their journey, a lesson that opens their eyes to some aspect of life."

Tags:compare, contrast, stories

Abstract
This paper examines how Jacobs's "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl" and Douglass' "Narrative in the Life of Frederick Douglass" are narratives riddled with philosophical mishaps and plagued with obvious inconsistancies. It discusses how, throughout both narratives, the authors are consistent in obfuscating the truth - Jacobs ignores previous developments of emotions, Douglass ignores the underlying Platonic fallacies in his rhetoric. Thoughts are clouded, events are clouded, issues are clouded and rhetoric is made clear - the truth about the horrors of slavery made clear - at the cost of other truths.

From the Paper
"Jacobs also has problems with anti-slavery arguments based on racism. Jacobs states that "the colored race are the most cheerful and forgiving people on the face of the earth." (Jacobs 78) Yet, in an earlier argument against racism based slavery, she proclaims "What a libel upon the heavenly Father, who "made of one blood all nations of men!" And then who are Africans? Who can measure the amount of Anglo-Saxon blood coursing in the veins of American slaves?" (Jacobs 40) Clearly Jacobs believes she can, and on sight at that, as she seems to be able to make judgements of a person's character based on the color of their skin. How is the generalization that colored people are more cheerful and forgiving possible if they are one with all nations of men? What libel upon the heavenly Father indeed, who would not enjoy his scripture used in hypocrisy. "

Tags:blacks, racism

Abstract
The paper asserts that our own contemporary obsession with race inevitably clouds our interpretations of Othello's character and the degree to which Shakespeare portrays him as a victim of a racist society, or as a character whose natural savageness eventually is revealed by events machinated by Iago. The paper describes how the white men of the play are predisposed to be prejudiced against Othello because of his race, specifically Iago, who cunningly uses Othello's race against him. The paper points out the ambiguity in the play's language regarding race and highlights how Othello also uses blackness to characterize evil, showing that Othello himself is also affected by racism. Finally, the paper demonstrates how Desdemona's cultural differences with Othello unintentionally intensify the social forces of Venetian racism.

From the Paper
"In support of the latter thesis, the play does seem to suggest the idea that Othello is best defined as a tragic character, and a tragedy is said to be a play about a great man who becomes 'fallen.' Othello is clearly a formidable general, as admitted even by the white men of the play who are predisposed to be prejudiced against him because of his race. Othello points out that Brabantio invited him to his house, to speak with his daughter, and only invoked racist ideas after Desdemona married him. When Othello is accused of witchcraft in his wooing of the white Desdemona, his impassioned story of his life and how his words enabled him to win Desdemona's heart and hand brings forth this comment from the Duke of Venice: "I think this tale would win my daughter too" (I.3). When Othello begins to behave cruelly to Desdemona, this is seen as uncharacteristic, not just of him as a lover, but as a man: "Is this the noble Moor whom our full senate/Call all in all sufficient? Is this the nature/ Whom passion could not shake? whose solid virtue/The shot of accident, nor dart of chance, /Could neither graze nor pierce... /Are his wits safe? is he not light of brain?" says Lodovico (4.1)."

Tags:Moor, blackness, barbarism, Desdemona, Iago